Frankish king who created an empire in France, Northern Spain, and most of Italy

Agreement between the pope and the ruler of a country

Pope who declared that only the pope had the power to appoint high-ranking church officials

to exclude a person from church membership

capital of Charlemagne's empire

German king the pope declared emperor of the Holy Roman Empire

Under which system did landowning nobles govern and protect the people in return for services?

A low-ranking noble under the protection of a feudal lord

A feudal estate belonging to a vassal

A mounted man-at-arms serving a lord

The system, spirit, or customs a medieval knighthood

A member of the peasant class tied to the land and subject to the will of a landowner

What were apprentices in craft guilds given in return for their work?

What contributed to the idea that people have rights and that the power of government should be limited?

Under which king was English common law established?

In 1095 Pope Urban II called for a crusade, or holy war, against

Name for the "holy wars" between European Christians, and Middle Eastern Muslims.

Students in the first European universities did not have

What was the name of the church court that tried and punished people who were suspected of heresy?

way of thinking that used reason to explore questions of faith

religious beliefs that conflict with Church teachings

hatred of Jews

local language used by people of a region

The most important and sacred sacrament for medieval Christians

Historians believe that the Black Death first spread along which trade route?

Jews were ordered to convert to Christianity or leave Spain by

Originating in central Asia, the Black Death was carried by

Most likely the Bubonic Plague. Disease that killed millions of people throughout Asia and Europe.

Between A.D. 1000 and 1200, most nuns

Which of the following was one effect of the Crusades on Western Europe?

Each feudal territory had at its center a noble’s _________

Knights trained for war by fighting each other in _______________

Who were the only people in medieval towns who were considered citizens?