Claimed the English crown and invaded England with a Norman army.

William’s rival who also claimed the throne.

Added to his holdings by marrying Eleanor of Aquitaine from France

Ruled from 1199 to 1216 lost Normandy and all his lands in northern France to the French.

An undistinguished duke from the middle of France, who succeeded Louis the Sluggard.

One of the most powerful Capetians kings.

Ruled from 1226 to 1270, was pious and saintly, was known as the ideal king.

Ruled France from 1285 to 1314, was involved in a quarrel with the pope.

Preached that Jesus Christ, not the pope, was the true head of the Church.

A professor in Bohemia, taught that the authority of the Bible was higher than that of the pope.

She felt moved by God to rescue France from its English conquerors.

Wrote The Divine Comedy.

Wrote The Canterbury Tales.

Wrote The Book of The City of Ladies.

Wrote Summa Theologicae.

A “holy war,” to gain control of the Holy Land.

Failed to capture Jerusalem instead they ended up looting the city of Constantinople.

Took place in two different movements in 1212.

The battle that changed the course of English history.

The war that Edward III launched for the French throne.

English army, including longbow men, beat a French army three times its size.

Joan led the French to a hard-fought victory over the English.

A long effort by the Spanish to drive the Muslims out of Spain.

He issued a call for a Crusade.

He attempted to enforce papal authority on kings.

He moved the Catholic capital from Rome to the city of Avignon in France.

He ended the Great Schism but left the papacy greatly weakened.

They were the two popes during the Great Schism.

People whose religious beliefs differed from the teachings of the Church.

An organization of individuals in the same business working to improve the conditions of its members.

A merchant-class town dwellers.

Scholars who met at the great universities.

A group of loyal people, usually 12 neighbors of the accused, who answered a royal judge’s questions.

Presided over the king’s courts and collected the king’s taxes.

Blamed for bringing on the plague.

Approximately one-third of the population of Europe died of this deadly disease.

Another name for the bubonic plague, got the name because of the purplish or blackish spots it produced on the skin.

The rulings of England’s royal judges that formed a unified body of law.

The most celebrated document in English history.

A legislative group.

An assembly of knights and burgesses.

An assembly of nobles and bishops.

French kings that ruled France from 987 to 1328.

Europe’s most powerful monarchs who led the Third Crusade to recapture Jerusalem.

A new age of religious feeling.

When Bishops sold positions in the Church.

The pope’s group of advisers.

Cathedrals thrust upward as if reaching toward heaven.

A court held by the Church to suppress heresy.

The split in the Church because the French pope lived in Avignon, while the Italian pope lived in Rome.

The goods imported from Southwest Asia.

Resting for a year.

Farmers could grow crops on two-thirds of their land each year.

Expansion of trade and business.

Eliminated the need to carry large amounts of cash and made trading easier.

Europe’s largest city.

Originally referred to a group of scholars meeting wherever they could.

The everyday language of their homeland.

Type of bow that is tall and powerful, it changed warfare.