Established Islam

Established Buddhism

Wrote In Praise of Folly, a satire of Church corruption

Painted the Mona Lisa & the Last Supper

Painted the Sistine Chapel Ceiling & sculpted the marble David

Wrote plays and sonnets, including Romeo & Juliet

Czech priest tried to reform the Church before Luther

English philosopher and preacher who criticized the Church before Luther

Invented the metal movable-type printing press, which allowed ideas to spread easily

Established the Protestant Church and wrote the 95 Theses criticizing the Church

French theologian who split from the Church, believed in predestination

English king who split with the Church over a divorce, est. the Anglican Church

English queen who made the Anglican Church the official church of the nation

Advised French King Louis XIII to use the 30 Years War to gain political power

Sailed for Portugal, established the Indian Maritime Route

Established 1st permanent Spanish settlements in the Americas

Conquered the Aztec Empire in Mexico for Spain

Sailed for Spain, his expedition was the first to circumnavigate the globe

Conquered the Incan Empire in Peru for Spain

Sailed for France, discovered the St. Lawrence River

Sailed for England, led second expedition to circumnavigate the globe

Built the Palace of Versailles as a symbol of his royal power

Westernized Russia, modernized its military, built the city of St. Petersburg

Developed the heliocentric theory (sun-centered)

Improved the telescope and invented the thermometer

Discovered the circulation of blood

Developed the Three Laws of Planetary Motion

Discovered laws of motion, light, and gravity

Supported Absolutism, wrote Leviathan

Natural Rights of Man, Social Contract, wrote Two Treaties on Govt.

Separation of Powers, Checks & Balances, Spirit of the Laws

Favored democracy, wrote The Social Contract

Favored freedom of speech and religion, wrote Candide

Included the influence of Locke in the Declaration of Ind.

Composer known for the fugue

Composer known for his symphonies and operas

Wrote the first modern novel, Don Quixote

French painter known for landscape and revolutionary themes

Led the Roundheads during ECW, became Lord Protector

Led Royalists during the ECW, 1st king to be executed for treason

Led England during the Restoration (of the monarchy)

Glorious Revolution, 1st constitutional monarchs of England

Lost French Revolution when beheaded by the Jacobin Radicals

Attempted French domination of Europe; Napoleonic Code

Established Gran Colombia in northern South America

Led Mexicans in their first revolution

Led the Haitian slaves to independence from France

His Monroe Doctrine supported Latin American independence

Led Prussia’s effort to unite Germany, Realpolitik policies

Used diplomacy and industrialization to unite Northern Italy

Used military might to unite Southern Italy

Father of Capitalism; wrote Wealth of Nations

Communism; wrote Communist Manifesto

Invented new steel making process

Invented spinning jenny

Invented smallpox vaccine injection

Linked bacteria to disease; invented pasteurization

Invented piston driven steam engine

His cotton gin increased demand for slaves in US

His assassination was the “spark” that began WWI

Led Communist Bolshevik Revolution in Russia, NEP (New Economic Plan)

Last Russian tsar, was executed by Lenin’s Bolsheviks

The Kaiser (King) of Germany during WWI

President of USA, 14 Points laid out the League of Nations

German dictator responsible for WWII and the Holocaust

Italian dictator who allied with Germany & Japan during WWII

Led USSR after Lenin, responsible for Great Purges (genocides)

Emperor of Japan, had little political influence during WWII

Prime Minister of Japan who had the bulk of political power

Led Allied forces in Europe; planned D-Day invasion

Led Allied forces in the Pacific, later occupied Japan after WWII

As Secretary of State established plan to rebuild Europe after WWII

President of USA during most of WWII, Day of Infamy speech

US President who ends WWII with atomic bombing of Japan

Develops India’s nuclear program, sides with USSR

Last leader of USSR, known for glasnost and perestroika

Led the Communists of North Vietnam

Led Chinese Nationalists, lost civil war & fled to Taiwan

Led Chinese Communists, won Chinese Civil War

Pro-business, anti-union British Prime Minister, friend of US

Led China after Mao, introduced reforms & industrialization

Communist leader of Cambodia responsible for genocide

Former leader of al-Qaeda, planned 9/11 attacks on the US

Led India to independence with non-violence, was assassinated

Supported Gandhi, became first Prime Minister of India

Kenyan president who encouraged industrialization

1st post-Apartheid president of South Africa after 26 years in prison

Israeli Prime Minister, won Yom Kippur War, strong US ally

Egyptian president, took Suez Canal, built Aswan High Dam