Pardons for sins, given or sold by the Catholic Church

Elected chief official of the Roman Republic

Strong national government headed by elected leaders

Greek term for a city-state

Unwritten set of laws based on local customs

Belief that royalty ruled by the will of God

Government in which leaders rule with the consent of the citizens

Written agreement guaranteeing privileges & freedoms

Head of the Roman Catholic Church

Political and social system in which a lord gave land to a noble to work, govern, and defend, in return for the noble's loyalty

"Middle Ages" 1,000 year period that took place between classical & modern times

Noble in medieval society who swore loyalty to a lord in return for land

Feudal estate made up of a house or castle and land

Relating to the Ancient Greek & Roman world

Absolute ruler of an empire

Farm laborer who could be bought and sold along with the land

A great & often violent change

Person who spreads religious views

Medieval workers' organization