European Christians began the Crusades for several reasons. One reason was to take back the "Holy Land", _____________.

The ________________ takeover of the Holy Land in 1071 made Christian pilgrimages there nearly impossible. The Crusades were an effort to fix that.

Additionally, feudal princes, kings, & merchants were motivated to join the crusades in order to gain these two things:

The Crusades officially began in 1096 after the Turks invaded _____________ and the Pope asked feudal kings for help.

By 1099, European armies had captured _____________.

After their success in 1099, they divided the newly captured territory into four regions: Edessa, Antioch, Tripoli, & Jerusalem. However, by 1144, the Turks had recaptured which of the four?

The Second Crusade (1147-1149) was unsuccessful, and European armies were defeated at _____________.

Christians were able to maintain order in the other three conquered states until __________________, a Muslim political leader, unified and re-energized the Muslim army in 1187. He eventually recaptured Jerusalem.

The Pope then called for a Third Crusade (1189-1192). The most notable member of this crusade was ______________________, who quickly became the Crusade's leader due to his courage and skill in battle.

The Third Crusade did not succeed in recapturing Jerusalem, and a truce was called in 1192. Jerusalem remained Muslim, but ________________.

The truce did not last, and a Fourth Crusade (1202-1204) was launched. This Crusade was not successful and angered the pope because the Crusaders ______________________.

One positive outcome of the Crusades was _____________.

Around this same time, European Christians successfully pushed Muslim rulers out of ___________.

During the medieval Inquisition, many Jews and Muslims were ___________.