WorksheetsAP Biology Review: Organism Forms and Functions
Total questions: 26
Worksheet time: 13mins
In the human body, the respiratory system and circulatory system work together to deliver oxygen to the tissues of the body and remove carbon dioxide from the tissues of the body. Gas exchange between the lungs and the blood vessels occurs at the alveoli, small sacs within the lungs that are covered in a network of capillaries. If the surface area of the alveoli is decreased, how will this affect the organism as a whole?
The individual will not be able to deliver enough oxygen to the tissues of the body but will still be able to remove carbon dioxide from the bloodstream
The individual will not be able to remove carbon dioxide from the bloodstream but will still be able to deliver enough oxygen to the tissues of the body.
The individual will not be able to deliver enough oxygen to the tissues of the body OR remove carbon dioxide from the bloodstream.
The individual will have an enhanced ability to deliver oxygen to the tissues of the body and remove carbon dioxide from the bloodstream.
We know that plants bend toward light because
The sun stimulates equal cell expansion on both sides of the stem
cell expansion is greater on the dark side of the stem.
cell expansion is greater on the light side of the stem
auxin is inactive on the dark side of the stem
Plants often use changes in day length (photoperiod) to trigger events such as dormancy and flowering. There are two types of plants based on their photoperiod requirements to induce flowering. These two types of plants are called short-day plants and long-day plants. A long-day plant will flower
in the late fall.
when the night is shorter than a critical value.
only under artificial light in the summer
regardless of the photoperiod imposed
during short days with proper fertilization.
Macrophages are large white blood cells that can engulf foreign substances called antigens. Both macrophages and lymphocytes, such as T cells, appear together at the site of infection. Which statement best explains how macrophages initiate an immune response when a new antigen is first encountered?
Macrophages incorporate the antigen into their genetic material and produce a large number of identical macrophages that are programmed to destroy that specific antigen.
Macrophages present the antigen directly to a memory B cell that produces antibodies programmed to destroy that specific antigen
Macrophages present the antigen to helper T cells, which activate memory B cells to produce plasma cells, and the plasma cells release antibodies that identify and destroy that specific antigen.
Macrophages present fragments of the antigen to other macrophages, which are then able to seek out and destroy the antigen by releasing helper T cells that engulf that specific antigen.
What is the main difference between the humoral response and the cell-mediated response?
The humoral response is a type of nonspecific immunity, whereas the cell-mediated response is a type of specific immunity.
The humoral response is a type of specific immunity, whereas the cell mediated response is a type of nonspecific immunity.
The humoral response involves the creation of antibodies to attack pathogens that are free-floating in the body fluids (ex: blood and lymph), whereas the cell mediated response involves the creation of cytotoxic T cells to destroy infected body cells.
The humoral response involves the creation of cytotoxic T cells to destroy infected body cells, whereas the cell mediated response involves the creation of antibodies to attack pathogens that are free-floating in the body fluids (ex: blood and lymph).
Secondary immune responses upon a second exposure to a pathogen are due to the activation of
memory cells (both B cell and T cell varieties)
macrophages
stem cells
antigens
Secondary immune responses (aka immunological memory) explain
a macrophage’s ability to “swallow” an antigen (a foreign particle)
the observation that some strains of the pathogen that causes dengue fever cause worse disease than others.
the ability of a helper T cell to bind to an antigen-presenting cell
the ancient observation that someone who had recovered from the plague could safely care for those newly diseased.
In animals, all of the following are associated with embryonic development EXCEPT
migration of cells to specific areas
formation of germ layers
activation of all the genes in each cell
inductive tissue interactions
cell division at a relatively rapid rate
Releases hormones that control blood sugar levels by stimulating glycogen formation or breakdown
Testis
Anterior pituitary
thyroid
pancreas
Secretes steroid hormones that affect secondary sex characteristics
Testis
Anterior pituitary
thyroid
pancreas
Releases hormones that increase the rate of cellular respiration throughout the body
Testis
Anterior pituitary
thyroid
pancreas
Secretes the hormones FSH and LH, which control ovulation
Testis
Anterior pituitary
thyroid
pancreas
Nerve cells communicate with one another via chemical messengers called neurotransmitters. GABA is a neurotransmitter that causes the opening of channels on the post-synaptic neuron that let negatively charged chloride ions (Cl-) into the cell or positively charged potassium ions (K+) out of the cell. Is GABA an excitatory or inhibitory neurotransmitter and how do you know?
Excitatory; It causes the influx of positive charge to bring the postsynaptic neuron to threshold
Excitatory; It prevents the influx of positive charge to prevent the postsynaptic neuron from reaching threshold.
Inhibitory; It causes the influx of positive charge to bring the postsynaptic neuron to threshold.
Inhibitory; It prevents the influx of positive charge to prevent the postsynaptic neuron from reaching threshold
Suppose there is a drug that increases the number of Schwann cells on the axon of a neuron. How will this affect signaling down the length of this axon?
Nerve signaling will increase in speed
Nerve signaling will decrease in speed
Nerve signaling will required a smaller stimulus to trigger an action potential
Nerve signaling will require a larger stimulus to trigger an action potential
A toxin that binds specifically to voltage-gated potassium channels in axons and prevents them from opening would be expected to
prevent the repolarization and hyperpolarization (aka undershoot) phase of the action potential.
prevent the depolarization phase of the action potential.
enable the axon to reach threshold potential more rapidly.
prevent the axon from reaching threshold potential
13. When the concentration of solutes in the blood (blood osmolarity) is high, the pituitary gland releases antidiuretic hormone (ADH). ADH stimulates the kidneys to reabsorb water in order to increase blood volume and decrease blood osmolarity. When the kidneys reabsorb water, this causes the urine to be extremely concentrated. A student over hydrates in preparation for a big race. How will her body respond to this massive intake of water, which results in a high blood volume?
The high blood volume (low blood osmolarity) will inhibit the secretion of ADH from the pituitary, the kidney will not reabsorb water, and the urine will be very dilute (i.e. have a high water content)
The high blood volume (low blood osmolarity) will inhibit the secretion of ADH from the pituitary, the kidney will reabsorb water, and the urine will be very concentrated (i.e. have a low water content)
The high blood volume (low blood osmolarity) will stimulate the secretion of ADH from the pituitary, the kidney will not reabsorb water, and the urine will be very dilute (i.e. have a high water content)
The high blood volume (low blood osmolarity) will stimulate the secretion of ADH from the pituitary, the kidney will reabsorb water, and the urine will be very concentrated (i.e. have a low water content)
High blood glucose triggers cells in the pancreas to release the hormone insulin, which lowers blood glucose levels. Type 1 diabetes occurs when the pancreas cannot produce insulin. In an experiment, the blood glucose levels of several diabetic rats are measured and the rats are then fed a high carbohydrate meal. Which statement explains how a rat’s blood glucose levels will most likely be affected by the high-carbohydrate meal?
The rat’s blood glucose level will increase after eating, which will cause insulin levels to rise until blood glucose decreases below the pre-meal level
The rat’s blood glucose level will increase after eating and, after the rat is given an insulin injection, will decrease to the pre-meal level.
The rat’s blood glucose level will increase for several hours after eating, and then will gradually decrease over several hours to the pre-meal level.
The rat’s blood glucose level will increase after eating and, even after the rat is given an insulin injection, will remain higher than the pre-meal level.
The hormone ethylene causes ripening in fruits. As fruits ripen, they produce more ethylene, which causes fruits in the nearby vicinity to ripen as well and produce ethylene. This is why all the apples in a barrel ripen at approximately the same time. This system is an example of
Positive feedback because the plant’s response (i.e. ripening) increases the stimulus (i.e. release of ethylene)
Positive feedback because the plant’s response (i.e. ripening) removes the stimulus (i.e. release of ethylene)
Negative feedback because the plant’s response (i.e. ripening) increases the stimulus (i.e. release of ethylene)
Negative feedback because the plant’s response (i.e. ripening) removes the stimulus (i.e. release of ethylene)
A toxin binds to voltage-gated calcium channels on the axon terminal membrane of a presynaptic cell and prevents them from opening in response to the wave of depolarization passing down the presynaptic cell’s axon. What will be the most immediate effect of this toxin on transmission of the signal across a synapse from the pre-synaptic cell to the post-synaptic cell
Neurotransmitter molecules cannot diffuse across the synapse.
Neurotransmitter molecules cannot bind to ligand-gated Na+ channels on the postsynaptic cell’s dendrite membrane.
Ligand-gated Na+ channels on the postsynaptic cell’s dendrite membrane will not open, allowing Na+ to enter the cell and bring the postsynaptic cell to threshold potential.
Calcium cannot come into the presynaptic cell and cause vesicles filled with neurotransmitter molecules to fuse with the presynaptic cell’s axon terminal membrane.
Which of the following sequences describes the passage of a nerve impulse through a simple reflex arc in humans
receptor → effector → interneuron → motor neuron → sensory neuron
receptor → sensory neuron → interneuron → effector → motor neuron
sensory neuron → effector → motor neuron → interneuron → receptor
receptor → sensory neuron → interneuron → motor neuron → effector
Which of the following is correct about blood type?
blood type O has O antigens on the surface of the red blood cells b
blood type A has A antibodies circulating in the plasma
the danger in a transfusion is if the donor has antibodies to the recipient
A and B antigens can be found on the surface of red blood cells
Oxygen is carried in the blood by the respiratory pigment hemoglobin, which can combine loosely with four oxygen molecules, forming the molecule oxyhemoglobin. To function properly, hemoglobin must bind to oxygen in the lungs and drop it off at body cells. The pH of the blood affects the oxygen-binding capabilities of hemoglobin. Below is a graph showing two different saturation-dissociation curves for hemoglobin at two different pH levels.
Based on your knowledge of biology and the information in the graph, which statement about hemoglobin is correct?
Hemoglobin at pH 7.2 has a greater affinity for oxygen and therefore binds more easily to the oxygen in the lungs
Hemoglobin at pH 7.4 is characteristic of a mammal that evolved at sea level where oxygen levels are high.
Carbon dioxide causes the blood to be more acidic, which causes hemoglobin to drop off oxygen more readily at body cells.
Oxygen causes the blood to be more basic, which causes hemoglobin to drop off oxygen more readily at body cells
Below is a graph depicting a person’s first exposure to antigen A, after being given a vaccine on day 1, with a subsequent immune response. A second exposure to antigen A on day 30 results in a secondary immune response. There is also a first exposure to antigen B on day 30.
Which of the following graphs accurately depicts the immune response to antigen B and the reason for it?
Testosterone is a sex hormone, which is derived from cholesterol. Which of the following statements best describes the action of this hormone on cells of the human gonads?
The hormone acts as the first messenger when it binds to and activates the G protein-coupled receptor in the surface of cells in the testes. This activates the mobile G protein located inside the cell.
The hormone enters the cells in the testes by first binding with a membrane receptor, which causes a channel to open in the membrane, allowing the testosterone to flood into the cell
The hormone readily passes through the cell membrane and binds to a receptor in the cytoplasm. The hormone and receptor then enter the nucleus and act as a transcription factor that turns on one or more genes.
The hormone binds with cAMP on the surface of the cell. Once attached to cAMP, the hormone enters the cell and initiates a signal transduction pathway.
Mice are endotherms, while lizards are ectotherms. Which of the following graphs correctly depicts this?
Which would be associated with the parasympathetic nervous system?
increase in blood sugar
increase in adrenaline
increase in breathing rate.
increase in digestion
