Jamestown, the first, permanent, English settlement was founded.

The Declaration of Independence was signed.

The Constitution of the United States was written.

The Mayflower Compact was an agreement signed by the Pilgrims promising to consult each other about laws for the colony.

The practice of creating and maintaining wealth by carefully controlling trade.

The Civil War was fought.

A person who wanted to end slavery in the United States. Quakers were 1^st anti-slavery group. Groups’ goal achieved with the passage of the 13^th Amendment.

The reason why colonists went to war with England. Colonists thought it was unfair to be taxed by a government that they didn’t have a voice in.

Passed by Parliament in response to the Boston Tea Party, increased tensions between colonists and British.

An agreement reached at the Constitutional Convention where Congress would be divided into 2 legislative houses: the Senate would have an equal number of representation from each state (New Jersey Plan) and the House of Representatives would be based on a state’s population (Virginia Plan).

A campaign, led mainly by women, against the sale or consumption of alcohol.

Voters elect representatives to make laws for them. Examples include: Mayflower Compact, Virginia House of Burgesses, and Fundamental Orders of Connecticut. Created due to the distance of the colonies from Great Britain.

A tax placed on goods from another country to protect the home industry. Favored by the North, opposed by the South.

The belief that the United States should own all of the land between the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans. Strongly supported by President James K. Polk. Factors included: rapid population growth in the U.S., economic depressions and inexpensive land.

William Blackstone’s idea that each branch of the federal government has the power to check on the actions of the other branches.

Powers should be shared between state and federal governments.

Private businesses can operate competitively for profit with minimal government regulation.

Charles Montesquieu’s idea that each branch of government had its own powers.

An agreement reached at the Constitutional Convention where for every 5 slaves, 3 would count as part of the population in order to determine representation in Congress and taxation.

People have the political authority in the government.

Banning all trade with a country.

Idea of a state declaring a federal law illegal.

People who opposed the Constitution like Patrick Henry who preferred more power be given to state governments. This group demanded a bill of rights be added to the Constitution.

Supporters of the Constitution like James Madison and Alexander Hamilton who favored a strong, national government.

Goods and humans moved between the colonies, Africa and England. Provided labor on colonial plantations.

Process of cities being formed and growing due to more people living and working there.

Refusing to buy certain goods, a common protest method used before the American Revolution.

To officially approve, usually done by voting.

A complaint, listed in the Declaration of Independence and addressed in the Constitution.

Included increase wealth, expand empire and spread Christianity.

Made money by fishing, whaling, lumbering and shipbuilding due to rocky soil, lots of trees and a colder climate.

Different parts of the country develop in different ways due to geography. North – built factories, West – mining and agriculture, South – agriculture.

Process of human labor being replaced by machines that mass produce goods typically in a factory. Created jobs that attracted immigrants.

A safe haven for Catholics who were being persecuted.

Turning point of the American Revolution. France decided to help Americans.

Made money by having slaves grow cash crops on plantations due to rich soil and warm climate.

Caused an increase in U.S. manufacturing due to British naval blockade.

Split between U.S. and Great Britain, the U.S. had finally achieved its goal of Manifest Destiny.

American victory and end of the American Revolution.

Opened faster trade between New York and western states, decreased the price of goods and aided in the growth of New York as a port.

Fought over boundaries, and ended with the signing of the Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo.

First shots of the Civil War.

Land located in the southwestern U.S. that was ceded to the U.S. under the Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo.

South Carolina wanted to ignore a federal law over tariffs and threatened to secede from the U.S. during Jackson’s presidency.

Advised the U.S. to avoid “accumulating debt”, forming political parties and to stay “neutral in its relations with other nations”.

Turning point of the Civil War.

Foreign policy stating the U.S. would not interfere in European affairs and the western hemisphere was closed to recolonization.

Small town in Virginia where Robert E. Lee surrendered to Ulysses S. Grant ending the Civil War.

Split the Confederacy into two and gave the North control of the Mississippi River.

Protected the rights of English citizens and became the basis for the American Bill of Rights.

First American constitution. Very weak document that limited the power of Congress by giving states the final authority over all decisions.

Signed in 1215, first document that limited the power of the ruler.

Included ideas of unalienable rights – life, liberty and pursuit of happiness. Written by Thomas Jefferson.

Ended the American Revolution and forced Britain to recognize the U.S. as an independent nations. U.S. boundaries were established.

Policy for admitting new states to the U.S. Included: territories with 60,000 people could become states.

Issued by Abraham Lincoln on January 1, 1863, freeing all slaves in Confederate states.

Stated that, “no state… can lawfully get out of the Union,” but pledged there would be no war unless the South started it.

Meant to help heal and restore the country after four years of civil war.

First representative assembly in the new world. Created due to the distance between Great Britain and the colonies.

Considered the first constitution in colonial times that allowed non-church members to vote. Established a representative government.

Law forbidding English colonists to settle west of the Appalachian Mountains.

Laws passed by Southern states during Reconstruction aimed at restricting newly gained freedoms of African Americans.

Part of the Compromise of 1850, anyone thought to be a runaway slave was to be captured and returned.

Introduced by Henry Clay to help ease tension over the issue of slavery. Terms included: creation of Fugitive Slave Law, slave trade abolished in Washington, D.C., California admitted as a free state and Utah and New Mexico territories were open to slavery.

“Pulled” to the U.S. for economic opportunities.

Ignored the Supreme Court ruling in the case of Worcester v. Georgia, responsible for the Trail of Tears.

Led by Alexander Hamilton, wanted a national bank, a strong central government and the U.S. economy to be based on manufacturing.

“Pushed” to the U.S. due to a potato famine.

Led by Thomas Jefferson, against the national bank, wanted more power to state governments and the U.S. economy to be based on agriculture.

First treasurer of the U.S., he developed a financial plan to get rid of U.S. debt, and supported having a national bank.

Former slave who became the best-known abolitionist in the country. Gave speeches and published the North Star newspaper.

Powerful Kentucky Congressman and Senator who proposed the Missouri Compromise and Compromise of 1850 to ease tensions over the issue of slavery.

South Carolina Congressman and Senator who spoke for the South in favor of states’ rights before the Civil War.

Massachusetts Congressman and Senator who spoke for the North and the preservation of the Union.

Guarantees no illegal or unreasonable search and seizure without probable cause and/or a warrant.

Founder of Pennsylvania who promised religious freedom to all people, especially Quakers. Promoted people having a voice in government through an elected legislature.

Said that all men are born with natural rights that should be protected by government and that government is an agreement between the rulers and those being ruled.

Lists 5 personal freedoms including: freedom of religion, assembly, petition, press and speech.

Chief Justice of the Supreme Court who is responsible for establishing the principle of judicial review in the case of Marbury v. Madison.

Granted citizenship to African Americans, all people are to receive equal treatment.

Abolished slavery, helped abolitionists achieve their goal.

Supreme Court gained power of judicial review; the ability to determine if a law is unconstitutional.

African American men could vote.

Guarantees no cruel and unusual punishments, and no excessive bails and fines.

Process developed by Eli Whitney which led to mass production of goods. Each vital part of a product exactly the same which resulted in prices decreasing.

Supreme Court ruled in favor of Natives keeping their lands, however President Andrew Jackson ignored and forced Natives off land. Move known as the Trail of Tears.

Supreme Court ruled slaves were property and the Missouri Compromise Line was unconstitutional.

Developed by Eli Whitney, sped up the cleaning of cotton fibers, thereby increasing the need for slaves

Robert Fulton’s invention that allowed for faster transportation of goods, resulting in prices decreasing.