Microbial life on teeth was first observed by:

Many peptic ulcers are due to:

Bacillary dysentery is also called:

There are _____ known forms of gastroenteritis caused by E.Coli

Bacillus Intoxication is caused by:

The most common cause of infectious diarrhea in infectious in infants and children is by:

A groupf os + ssRNA that have been isolated from birds, cats, dogs, pigs, sheep, cows, and humans are a major cause of gastroenteritis, are:

Which of the following produces aflatoxin a carcinogenic substance?

The human pinworm Enterobius vermicularis lives in ______ of humans?

· Inflammation of the stomach and intestine

· Caused by microorganism or ingested toxins

· One of the leading causes of death in developing countries

· In healthy individuals, discomfort but not serious

· This condition is often referred to as “stomach flu”; however, it has absolutely no relation to influenza (flu), which is a respiratory tract infection.

· Common illness in the United States

· Transmission not entirely understood—probably food, water, or kissing

· Treated with antibiotics, H2 blockers, proton pump inhibitors, and stomach-lining protector drugs

· forms damage to the GI mucosa caused by long-term use of anti-inflammatory agents; conditions such as cancer of the esophagus, stomach, or pancreas; or by a bacterium, H. pylori.

· This bacterium is helical, microaerophilic, motile, and gram negative.

· Consumption of foods of animal origin that have been contaminated with this bacterium, such as raw or undercooked eggs and poultry, untreated milk products, and meat or other items contaminated with feces

· Normal habitat—intestines

· Can cause typhoid fever, paratyphoid fever, and food-borne illnesses

· Incubation time and severity of infection depends on number of organisms ingested

· They are rod-shaped, gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, nonsporing microorganisms, and their normal habitat is the intestinal tracts of many animals, including humans.

· also known as Bacillary dysentery

· Caused by S. boydii, S. dysenteriae, S. flexneri, and S. sonnei

· Low infective dose

· Diarrhea (often bloody), fever, stomach cramps

· Human to human: Fecal-oral route

As with other infectious diseases, the very young, the very old, and immunocompromised people are at highest risk.

· Rare in the United States

· Neurotoxin (exotoxin)

· Food-borne: Contaminated food, home-canned food

are unicellular eukaryotes found in a wide range of habitats; most are free-living and not harmful to humans. However, some are parasites and capable of causing debilitating and deadly diseases. They enter the human body either as a trophozoite, the active feeding and reproductive stage, or as a cyst, the dormant stage, becoming active under the appropriate environmental conditions.

not microorganisms; they are macroscopic, multicellular, eukaryotic worms found throughout the globe. What is interesting to microbiologists is the fact that their eggs and larvae are microscopic.