The earth’s surface consists of _____ and _____.

A ____________ is a group of people who have well-developed forms of government, religion, learning, and economy.

A ______________is something found in nature that is used.

_________is the way of life of a group of people, determined by their geography and the resources around them.

_________is the study of the past and includes the story of how a civilization’s culture developed.

__________is something that was made by man and left behind.

An _______________is someone who studies the artifacts of the past.

An ___________________is someone who studies the cultures of the past.

__________ is a process used to measure the level of carbon in something that was once alive in order to determine its age.

A __________________ is a firsthand account, someone, or something that was present at the time of an event.

A ____________________ is a secondhand account of an event.

The first humans lived during the ______________ or ________________.

A _________is someone without a permanent home who wanders in search of food and water.

Most nomads hunted__________.

The most important event of the Old Stone Age was the ________________.

The ____________ is called the New Stone Age.

____________is the cultivation of crops, which began in the New Stone Age.

Historians consider the most important event of the New Stone Age to be the __________________.

The places where the first civilizations developed are called____________________.

The places where the first civilizations developed are called____________________.

The development of tools and methods used to help humans perform tasks is called __________.

One of the oldest communities in the world is______________.

The development of different kinds of jobs is called________________.

The earliest known civilization developed in_______________.

Mesopotamia means “_______________________.”

____________ is the method of bringing water to a field from another place to water crops.

A __________ is an independent state made up of a city and the land and villages surrounding it.

A_____, which means “hill of heaven” or “mountain of god,” is a Sumerian temple located in the middle of a city.

Sumerian schools were called ______________.

___________ is the Sumerian system of writing, made of wedge-shaped characters.

__________ was the largest, richest city of its time and the center of trade, government, and education.

____________ was the king of Babylon, famous for writing a code of law.

An _______ is made up of territories that are under the control of another government.

____________________ built the Hanging Gardens of Babylon for his wife.

The first Egyptians settled along the ________, which is the world’s longest river, about 4,000 miles long.

The fertile soil around the Nile River provided a _________(extra amount) of crops. The money gained from the trade of these crops made Egypt a wealthy land, with time and resources to develop an empire.

A ______ is an area of fertile land at the mouth of a river.

________, a reed plant that grew along the Nile River, became a valuable resource for the Egyptians.

_____________ was the Egyptian writing system.

______ was the ruler of Egypt who united the upper and lower Egyptian governments.

A line of rulers from the same family is called a__________.

A diagram of Egyptian social groups is called a __________________. The largest group, located at the bottom of the pyramid, was made up of slaves and poor farmers. At the top of the pyramid was the pharaoh.

Egypt’s kings were called _____________.

The Egyptians worshipped many gods or______. The pharaohs were considered gods.

_____ was the sun god, the main god of the Egyptians.

A ________ was a burial tomb for Egyptian pharaohs.

The _________________were built for King Khufu.

The pyramid of ____________ revealed many treasures. It was discovered by Howard Carter in 1922. Historians and scientists are able to learn much about ancient Egypt from the artifacts left in the tomb.

__________ rebuilt Egypt’s empire and ruled for 66 years.

The _________civilization, an early Greek civilization, developed on the island of Crete. The Minoans earned their living by building ships and trading.

The ________ people came from central Asia and settled on the Greek mainland; they built the first Greek kingdoms.

The mainland of Greece was located on a_________, a body of land surrounded by water on three sides, and all parts of ancient Greece were near water.

The mountains and sea kept the early Greek communities_________, or separated from each other; therefore, they became independent of each other.

The _________ of ancient Greece (1100 B.C. to 750 B.C.) were a time of poverty due to war and earthquakes.

The __________ moved from the mountains of Greece to the Peloponnesus and brought with them iron weapons that improved farm tools and weapons.

A ______ is a settlement in a new territory that keeps close ties to the homeland.

A ______ is a settlement in a new territory that keeps close ties to the homeland.

A ______ is a Greek city-state made up of a city and the surrounding countryside; it functions like an independent country.

The main gathering place in a polis was usually an________, a fortified hill.

An _____was an open area below the acropolis that served as a marketplace and a meeting place.

The Greeks were the first people to develop the idea of citizenship. A _________ is a member of a political community who is treated as an equal and who has rights and responsibilities to the community.

A _________ was an ordinary citizen-soldier of the Greek army.

A _________ is someone who takes power by force and rules with total authority.

An ________ is a government in which a few people hold the power to govern.

A ___________ is a government in which all citizens have an opportunity to share in the running of the government.

_______ was a militaristic city-state founded by the Dorians.

The Spartans captured and enslaved workers called_______.

_______ enforced laws and managed tax collections.

_______ was a city-state in ancient Greece that became a democracy.

______ was a noble who ruled Athens wisely. He cleared farmers’ debts and freed slaves.

___________ was the leader credited with making Athens a democracy.

The Persians were united into an empire by _________________.

As the Greeks became more powerful, they clashed with the Persians in the _____________ for control of the Mediterranean Sea.

______________and ____________were famous Persian rulers who were defeated by the Greeks.

The Greeks defeated the Persians in the ______________________.

The _____________ ended the wars with Persia.

The Greek city-states (except Sparta) formed the ______________to defend themselves against the Persians.

Athens became a ___________________, a form of government where masses of citizens gather to decide on government matters.

__________ was a general who became ruler of Athens and made it stronger and more democratic at home.

The _______________was a period of great creativity and learning in ancient Athens.

The people of Athens and Sparta fought over control of Greece in the ___________________.

The Greeks were________; they worshipped many gods and goddesses.

The 12 main gods and goddesses lived on __________________.

________ was the main god, and his wife was ________.

_________ was the goddess of wisdom.

________ are stories about gods and goddesses.

_______ was a blind poet who wrote the first epic poems.

_________ and ___________ are Homer’s poems that tell the history of the Trojan War and taught the values of the Greeks.

A _______ is a short tale that teaches a lesson and usually involves animals.

_______ was a former slave who wrote the most famous fable, “The Tortoise and the Hare.”

The first _________________ were held in ancient Greece on Mount Olympus in 776 B.C.

The Greeks enjoyed_________, stories that are told by actors who pretend to be the characters in the stories.

A _________ is a play that tells a sad story in which people fail to overcome their difficulties.

A __________ is a story that has a happy ending.

Greek architecture expressed ideas of beauty and harmony and included three types of

_________: Doric, Ionic, and Corinthian.

The_____________, the most famous example of Greek architecture, is a temple built to Athena.

An ________ is a Greek urn used for many purposes.

___________, the study of nature and the meaning of life, comes from the Greek word meaning “love of wisdom.”

Many of the Greek _______________were teachers who developed ideas that are still in use today.

________ was the most famous Greek philosopher; he believed that knowledge would lead to truth.

_______ was a student of Socrates who founded The Academy and wrote The Republic.

__________ was a student of Plato who taught that a person should do nothing in excess.

_____________ is known as the Father of History because he was the first to try to separate fact from legend in his writings.

______________was a philosopher who taught that everything in the universe could be explained in numbers.

_____________ united the Greek city-states when he conquered them.

________________was the son of Philip II; he spread the Greek culture as he conquered lands throughout Asia and Africa.

_____________ was a city built by Alexander that became the center of trade and culture.

_____________, the “Father of Medicine,” wrote a code of behavior for doctors.

China’s earliest civilizations grew around the ___________________.

The _________ were the first rulers of China.

The Shang used _____________ to determine their future.

Chinese writing used_________ , characters that stand for objects.

__________ led a revolt against the wealthy of the Shang dynasty.

The ______ dynasty ruled longer than any other in China.

The Zhou claimed to have a __________________; they believed they ruled because the heavens ordered it.

_____ is the proper way to reach heaven according to Zhou rulers.

__________ is children’s respect for parents and older relatives.

__________, relatives that come before us, were worshipped by the ancient Chinese, who believed power came from them.

_________ was ancient China’s first great teacher and thinker.

_______________was the philosophy which taught that people should have a sense of responsibility to their family and community.

____________ was the philosophy which taught that people were basically evil.

_________ developed legalism.

The ________ was built across northern China to protect it from invaders.

The _________ was a network of trade routes from western China to southwest Asia.