Bounded by peptide bonds; monomer of a protein

smallest monomer is monosaccharide; main source of energy for the cell

used to lower the activation energy and speed up the rate of reaction

Protein that serves as a catalyst in biological reactions; have an active site and a substrate

used for long term energy storage, make up the phospholipid bilayer; 1 gram = 9 calories, (1 glycerol = 3 fatty acids)

simple sugars, monomer for carbs (glucose and sucrose)

Made of nucleotides, function is to store genetic information which can be seen in DNA and RNA

bounded molecules made of carbon

(amino acids) referred to as the building blocks of biological molecules

All living things are made of cells; Cells come from other cells; Cells are the basic structure and function of an organism

How cells (stem cells) get their jobs

Cells that have a membrane bound nucleus, large, complex (Ex. Plants and Animals)

Organisms composed of many cells (Ex. tissue, humans, etc.)

Small structures that perform various functions for the cell (reside within the cytoplasm)

Cells with no distinct nucleus, small, simple (Ex. Bacteria)

Undifferentiated cells

Organisms composed of only one cell (Ex. Bacteria)

No energy required; transport of small and medium materials across the plasma membrane (Osmosis, Diffusion, and Facilitated Diffusion)

A form of passive transport; no energy required; transports molecules from high to low concentrations in order to even them out (for small materials)

A form of passive transport; No energy required; transports WATER from high to low concentrations in order to even them out

"Semi-active" uses transport proteins to help move material across the plasma membrane, but still doesn't require energy

Internal condition is balanced

Form of transport that requires energy (ATP) for large molecules. Gets molecules across the cell through pumps and vesicles (endocytosis and exocytosis)

Molecules are "pumped" by this transport protein to get across the membrane, requiring energy

Used when molecules are too large to pass through the membrane, even with the help of a transport protein

Process by which large molecules move INTO the cell

Process by which large molecules move OUT of the cell

Drives diffusion; moves from high to low

Only in eukaryotic cells, holds DNA

Makes ATP, (Power house of the cell); Where Cellular Respiration occurs

Makes glucose for the plant; Where Photosynthesis occurs

Breaks down waste, food, etc

Where molecules, waste, etc. is stored; Bigger in Plant Cells

Makes protein; Location where translation in protein synthesis occurs

Modifies and Transports Proteins by forming vesicles from its membrane; Has Ribosomes attached; Found outside the nucleus

Modifies and Transports Proteins; Mainly responsible for finalizing hormones, steroids, and lipids; Does not have Ribosomes

UPS of the cell; Sorts and packages molecules to be sent around the cell or sent out of the cell; creates lysosomes by pinching off a section of its membrane

Small hairlike projections; Movement for Eukaryotes

Movement for Prokaryotes

Surrounds cell; Semi-permeable, therefore maintains homeostasis; has molecules embedded within

Controls what goes in/out of the nucleus

Only in Plant Cells; provides supports and protection for cells

Intracellular medium of gelatinous consistency; dissolves nutrients, allowing diffusion to occur; holds all the organelles within the cell;

A condition where the solute concentration of the surrounding environment is less than the solute concentration within the cell; Water only entering the cell, resulting in it being Lysed/Burst

A condition where the solute concentration of the surrounding environment is higher than that within the cell; Water only exiting the cell, resulting in it being shriveled

Condition where the solute concentration outside the cell is the same as inside the cell; Same amount of water entering the cell as existing, resulting in an equilibrium, normal Cell

Process in which plants use light energy to convert carbon dioxide and water into glucose and oxygen

Reaction where solar energy needed to produce NADPH & ATP and Water (releasing oxygen) occurs in the Chloroplast

also known as the Calvin Cycle; Solar energy is not required, occurs in the stroma of the Chloroplast and produces glucose for the plant

Final stage of Cellular Respiration where most of the energy is produced (34 ATP) in the mitochondria. Hydrogen combines with Oxygen to form water and Carbon Dioxide is released. (Aerobic)

Process of using oxygen and glucose to form carbon dioxide, water, and energy

Produced in Glycolysis and then used during Fermentation of Anaerobic Respiration

Doesn't require oxygen; includes Lactic Acid Fermentation and Alcohol Fermentation of Cellular Respiration

Main source of energy for the cell; made in the Mitochondria. When used in the cell it turns into ADP and returns to the Mitochondria to be converted back

Stage of Cellular Respiration that requires Energy; includes the Krebs Cycle and ETC

First stage of Cellular Respiration in which the Glucose molecule is broken in half creating two Pyruvic Acid molecules and 2ATP

In Anaerobic Respiration- pyruvates break down creating energy (found in muscles)

In Anaerobic Respiration- occurs mostly in yeast, pyruvates break down forming alcohol, CO2, and releasing energy

In Aerobic Respiration- pyruvates travel to the mitochondria where it eventually releases CO2, water, and 2 ATP

long thread of DNA containing genetic information

One of 2 strands of a chromosome that becomes visible during mitosis

region of chromosomes that holds the two sister chromatids together during mitosis

(fishing pole) cell organelle that produces spindle fibers; positioned at opposite poles during mitosis and meiosis

Fibers that extend across a dividing eukaryotic cell and assists in the separation of chromosomes; start at the centrioles at either pole of the cell

Within a plant cell, forms midway between the divided nuclei of a cell during Cytokinesis

indentation formed by the cell membrane during Cytokinesis, pinching the cell into equal parts until the cell divides into two daughter cells

Makes up chromosomes and copies itself during cell division, provides a blueprint for protein synthesis by specific arrangement of nitrogenous bases; Double Helix structure; composed of deoxyribose sugar, phosphates, and nitrogenous bases

Repeated pattern of growth and division or cells that occurs in eukaryotes

Created at the end of mitosis, each has the same number of chromosomes as the parent cell and will be identical to each other

Somatic Cells undergo this in order to repair and regrow, creating two identical diploid daughter cells

G1: growth

S: (synthesis) replicate DNA

G2: growth

First stage of mitosis, preparing for division, nuclear membrane begins to break down, spindle fibers form, chromosomes condense and become visible

Stage of mitosis where chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell, spindle fibers attach to the centromere

Spindle fibers shorten and pull the sister chromatids apart, pulling them away from the center of the cell towards either pole

Final stage of mitosis; nuclear membrane reforms, spindle fibers retract, and chromosomes uncoil as the cell starts to become two via cytokinesis

The division of the cytoplasm into two individual cells

Occur at G1, G2, and Mitosis; uses chemical and physical signals to monitor the growth of cells; Ensures that cell is ready to continue on to next phases of cell cycle

Uncontrolled cell growth (tumor)

Cell mass that impairs multiple organs (cancerous)

Cell mass that remains at its original site

Sexual reproductive cell (egg and sperm)

Body cell (liver, skin, etc.)

(1n) one set of chromosomes (egg and sperm)

(2n) two sets of chromosomes from each parent

Cluster of four chromosomes, two from male and two from female, can exchange genetic information through crossing over

Another term for homologous pair of chromosomes

diploid offspring (baby) where the egg and sperm meet

Allows for genetic diversity; homologous pairs exchange parts of genetic information between maternal and paternal chromosomes; occurs during Prophase I of meiosis

Start with one diploid cell and end with four unique haploid cells

Occurs in Prophase I when two chromosomes (one from each parent) come together to form a homologous pair

different forms of a gene (Ex. 'A' or 'a')

This trait is always expressed if present

This trait is only seen if dominant allele isn't present

When an organism has two alike alleles for a trait (Ex. AA or aa)

When an organism has two different alleles for a trait (Ex. Aa)

Genetic makeup of an organism, revealing the types of alleles he/she has inherited (Ex. AA)

Physical appearance/characteristic of an organism (Ex. Blue eyes)

Genes located close together on the same chromosome will be inherited together

cross that examines the inheritance of ONE trait

examines the inheritance of TWO different traits

the first generation's offspring

the second generation's offspring

Offspring is a mixture of the parent's characteristics; for example, the heterozygous offspring of a white flower and a red flower is a pink flower

A chart made to show inheritance patterns within a family across several generations

offspring shows BOTH parent's characteristics distinctly; for example, the heterozygous offspring of a brown horse and a white horse is a roan horse, or a white/brown spotted horse

Trait controlled by two or more genes (Ex. Skin color and Eye Color)

Multiple forms of a gene exists for a particular trait even through only two alleles are inherited (Ex. Blood Type); in other words, there are three or more alternative forms of this gene opposed to the normal 2 forms that are inherited from parents

Involves genes on either the X or the Y chromosome; Most disorders passed most commonly via the X chromosome (Ex. Color blindness, Hemophilia)

Law of Dominance Some alleles are dominant and some are recessive

Alleles separate during meiosis and unite in fertilization

Segregation of alleles of one trait does not affect the segregation of alleles of another trait; traits are inherited randomly, like the flip of a coin

Characteristic that can be passed from one parent to offspring

Passing of traits from parent to offspring

Study of Heredity, each somatic cell is a diploid where chromosomes are inherited from offspring's parent

Father of Genetics; responsible of the Law of Inheritance and Law of Segregation; studied pea plants

Part of a nucleotide, consists of Thymine , Adenine Guanine, and Cytosine, and Uracil (RNA)

small subunits composed of a nitrogenous base, pentose sugar, and phosphate group

Single Helix, Uracil base instead of Thymine; contains Ribose Sugar; 3 different types are messenger/ribosomal/transfer

Specific sequence of nucleotides on a chromosome (DNA) that codes for a particular protein; transfered from parent to offspring

DNA is copied into a complementary strand of mRNA in the nucleus

mRNA with the genetic information is taken to the Ribosome and interpreted into an amino acid chain

Messenger RNA that carries genetic information to the ribosome from the nucleus

Ribosomal RNA, along with protein, makes up the ribosome

Transfer RNA that transfers correct amino acids to the ribosomes where proteins are synthesized, contains the anticodon that matches the codon on the mRNA

Sequence of 3 bade pairs on a strand of DNA or mRNA

Tells the ribosome to stop translating

3 base complement to the codon of mRNA; found on the tRNA

an alteration of an organism's DNA caused by a malfunction during meiosis or from exposure to a mutagen

When chromosomes don't separate properly during anaphase, resulting in an abnormal amount of chromosomes

ALL genetic material in an organism

crossing individuals who are closely related

A physical or chemical agent that causes a mutation

Process of making a copy of DNA through the use of enzymes (Helicase) and complimentary base pairing to ensure that every cell has identical DNA molecules; Occurs during Synthesis of Interphase

Shows relative location of each gene on a chromosome

Making an identical copy of a gene or organism

Scientist enter a normal gene into an absent or abnormal one

Artificially breeding for a desired trait

Breeding two strong traits to result in a mixture between the two (Ex. Mule)

The process of forming a new species by biological evolution from preexisting species

Similar characteristics resulting from common ancestry; for example, the humerus is found in the upper arm of humans as well as in the upper fin of whales

The study of how closely related something is; history of evolution often represented as a tree of life

Different species diverge from a common ancestor; related species become more and more dissimilar; for example, whales and humans are both mammals and both have similar bones of the upper limb, but both have evolved to thrive in very different environments

Different species in the same environment that are similar in looks/behavior evolving together; for example, both bats and birds fly, however they do not share a common ancestor and their wing structures are vastly different

Group of organisms that share similar characteristics, interbreed, and make fertile offspring

All the genes, including different alleles, of all individuals in a population

Random change in frequency of alleles of a population overtime; some alleles become more common and some disappear

The movement of genes into or out of a population overtime; migration of genetic information

Structures with little or no function to the organism (Ex. the human appendix) but did serve a purpose in ancestors

Two or more species living close together change in response to one another (the evolution of one species affects the evolution of another)

Similar in appearance and function but have different evolutionary origins; for example, bat wing vs bird wing

Periods of abrupt changes in a species after a long period of time

Allows for the most favorable phenotypes to survive and be passed on; response to a changing environment

Makes sure new generations result in individuals with unique genotypes; can be either the presence of, or the generation of, genetic differences

No change of allele frequencies within a species

Scientific diagrams that represent the phylogeny of organisms (a.k.a. cadograms); classifies organisms into major groups (taxa) by physical characteristics; lists organisms in order from which they descended from an ancestor

Involves two parents, and through fertilization results in genetically different offspring that increases on organism's chance of survival; increases genetic variation among a species

Involves one parent through Binary Fission and Mitosis and results in offspring that is identical to the parent with no genetic variability

Limits the expression of certain allele frequencies; preference when choosing a mate; probability that some pairs will mate is not the same among all individuals

Gradual changes of a species over long periods of time

Elimination of a species when they can no longer adapt to the changing environment (can be gradual or rapid)

Occurs when a catastrophic event changes the environment very suddenly, resulting in a sudden loss of a species

The study of the structures of organisms

The study embryonic development of organisms

The study of prehistoric life; includes the study of fossils

Different levels displaying the order of a food chain

Eat primarily consumers (meat)

Eat green plants

Eat both primary consumers and producers

Heterotroph that decomposes organic material

All organisms in a given area as well as the abiotic factors that surround them

Role of an organism in its environment, including the food they eat, how they obtain the Food, and how it interacts

Number of individual organisms living in a defined space

Living factors in an environment

Non-living factors in an environment

Normal warming effect when gases trap heat in the environment

Maximum population size that can be supported by the resources available

An energy source that can be produced at the same rate as they are consumed

A source of energy that cannot be produced at the same rate as they are consumed

precipitation is slightly acidic; a result of industrial pollution, caused by the burning of fossil fuels;

Green plants and autotrophs, capture the sun's energy (1st level)

Heterotrophs, herbivores (2nd level)

Carnivores and Omnivores (3rd level), eat plants and herbivores; often can be prey for higher predators

Carnivores and Omnivores (4th level); include the top predators such as lions, wolves, and humans

Linear representation of simplest path energy takes through an ecosystem

Many interconnected food chains (describes various energy paths)

when 2+ organisms need the same resource at a time; can often be a negative/negative interaction for organisms unless one learns to adapt for new resource

Interaction where one animal eats another, often a positive/negative interaction; this relationship can help stabilize populations

A close relationship between two species that benefits at least one of the species.

Symbiotic relationship where both organism benefit

Symbiotic relationship in which one organism benefits and the other isn't affected; a positive/neutral interaction

Relationship where one organism benefits while the host organism is harmed slowly over time; a positive/negative interaction

The study of interactions between organisms and their environment

Series of changes in an ecosystem when one community is replaced

Regrowth period that starts with rock, the Pioneer Species is Lichen

Regrowth period that starts with soil, The Pioneer Species here is Grass

90% of energy is lost to the environment (through heat), only 10% of the energy is transferred to the next trophic level

Limiting factors that operate more strongly on LARGE populations, triggered by increased population

Limiting factors that occur regardless of population size, reduces size of all populations equally, mostly abiotic (weather, natural disaster)

Major element of living things, found in the atmosphere. Plants use CO2 to produce glucose. Heterotrophs then consume the plant and create CO2 through cellular respiration.

The cycling of a molecule found in the atmosphere, amino acids, and organic materials. Organisms intake nitrogen through nitrogen fixation. The nitrates in the soil are used in plant DNA, heterotrophs eat them and then return them to the soil when they die.

evaporation, condensation, sublimation, precipitation, transpiration, runoff, infiltration

A type of white blood cell that make antibodies to fight off infections

a substance produced by the body that destroys or inactivates an antigen that has entered the body

A foreign macromolecule that does not belong to the host organism and elicits an immune response

a dead or weakened pathogen introduced into the body to produce immunity.

The body system in which oxygen is brought into the body and carbon dioxide is released; Nasal cavities, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, and lungs.

The collection of glands that produce hormones that regulate metabolism, growth and development, tissue function, sexual function, reproduction, sleep, and mood, among other things.

The organ system that forms a protective covering on the outside of the body, skin

Composed of a network of vessels, ducts, nodes, and organs; transports white blood cells throughout the body; provides defense against infection

The body system that regulates fluid balance and filtration of blood; includes two kidney, two ureters, one bladder, and the urethra

Transports oxygen, waste, nutrients, hormones, heat, etc... around the body; major organs include heart & blood vessels