Law code established by Napoleon Bonaparte in 1804; served as an example for the law codes of other countries

Wrote Two Treatises of Government, which outlined the Natural Rights of life, liberty, and property

The period in the 1700's in which people rejected traditional ideas and supported a belief in human reason

French document which was a first step towards writing a constitution

Belief that a ruler's authority comes directly from God

A period during which French revolutionary courts executed 40,000 people mostly by use of the guillotine

French General who became self-proclaimed Emperor of France

Italian nationalist who led his "Red Shirts" in the quest to create Italy

Wrote the Spirit of Laws, which designed a three-branch system of government

"The Liberator"; led successful independence movement against the Spanish in Latin America

The middle class

Agreement by which people give up their freedom to a powerful government in order to avoid chaos

Chief architect of the Reign of Terror

Period in the 1500s and 1600s in which scientific thinkers challenged traditional ideas and relied on observation and experimentation

A strong feeling of pride in and devotion to one's country

Ruler with complete authority over the government and the lives of the people

Force that tends to pull one mass or object to another

Group formed mostly by the Third Estate in France in 1789 with the intention of writing a new constitution

Painstaking method used to confirm findings and to prove or disprove a hypothesis

A speech given by Otto von Bismarck that explained a plan to use war and industry to unify and expand Germany

Rights that belongs to all humans from birth

Wrote the Social Contract - stressed that man was born free and became corrupted

Permission given by the people in a country to the government allowing them to rule, usually through voting

Based on the belief that the sun is the center of the universe