What is a law passed by the legislature (i.e., Congress)?

The Bill of Rights applies to the states through which U.S. Constitutional Amendment?

________ is a rule of a decision by a court that is binding on all lower courts.

Which model is concerned with people's rights and liberties?

Which model is called the "assembly line" because the process should be automatic and uniform?

Courts of _________ jurisdiction are the lowest level courts and deal with minor offenses.

The highest court in the state is referred to as the __________.

If Bob is found guilty in the U.S. District Court, to which court should he appeal?

What is it called when the appellate court overturns the decision of the lower court?

How many justices need to agree in order for the U.S. Supreme Court to hear a case and grant cert (review)?

What happens if the U.S. Supreme Court declines to hear a case and issue a writ of cert?

What states that evidence obtained in violation of the U.S. Constitution cannot be used at trial against the defendant?

What exception to the exclusionary rule allows evidence to be used against a criminal defendant if obtained by a police officer's honest mistake?

Even if evidence is not allowed to prove guilt of the defendant, it can still be used to attack the defendant's credibility under which of the following?

Which doctrine holds that anything obtained from the original illegal search is also excluded from evidence?

If a state police officer violates a person's constitutional rights, he or she can be sued under _________.

In both 1983 and Bivens claims, the plaintiff must show the officer acted with ___________.

A search is only considered a "search" under the 4th Amendment if ________ conducts the search.

The U.S. Supreme Court in Katz held that the 4th Amendment applies where people have _____________.

___________ is the area surrounding a house that is so close it is considered an extension of the house.

Bob may be considered to be "seized" under the 4th Amendment if Bob believes he _______.

What is the required justification for a law enforcement officer to receive a search or arrest warrant?

The justification for a Terry stop and frisk is ____________.

Government agencies may conduct non-criminal searches (or administrative searches) in order to ____________.

A warrant must be issued by a ___________ magistrate judge.

What standard of proof is required to obtain either an arrest or search warrant?

When a warrant is not required, what standard of proof is required for a law enforcement officer to either arrest a person or conduct a full-on search?

To meet the particularity requirement of a search warrant, police must specify which two things?

If illegal drugs are not listed on a search warrant, but police see illegal drugs in plain view, can they seize the drugs anyway?

If the police illegally arrest someone, which is not a possible or likely remedy?

Generally, if police bring a suspect to the police station to question him, a(n) __________ has occurred.

To tell the difference between an arrest and a non-stop, courts use the ______ test.

Police see Bob commit a felony - can they arrest him without a warrant?

Police see Bob commit a misdemeanor (i.e., DWI) - can the officer arrest him without a warrant?

Police are called to an active crime scene. When police arrive, they gather evidence and have probable cause to believe Bob committed a felony. Can officers arrest Bob without a warrant?

Police have probable cause to believe Bob committed a misdemeanor, although they didn't see Bob actually commit the crime. Can police arrest Bob without a warrant?

A warrant is absolutely required, with few exceptions, if an arrest is going to take place _________.

The ________ rule requires police to announce their presence and state their intentions before entering a home to make an arrest.

Bob held up a store with a gun. Police arrive and Bob runs. Can police use deadly force to capture Bob?

Police arrive at Bob's house at 4:00 am in order to execute an arrest warrant. Is this allowed?

Bob is suspected of stealing a diamond ring. Police obtain a search warrant for Bob's house. Where can police search?

Police pull over Bob for speeding and issue him a citation. Can they conduct a search incident to arrest?

The ________ rule states that only the area under control of the suspect can be searched in a search incident to arrest.

What justification do police need to conduct a protective sweep of adjoining rooms during an arrest?

An officer may chase a suspect into someone's home during a "hot pursuit" as long as _______.

________ evidence is evidence that may rapidly vanish or disappear in time (such as alcohol in bloodstream).

If police have probable cause to search a vehicle, can the search include the trunk?

If police have probable cause to arrest Bob for an outstanding warrant and they arrest Bob outside his car, what parts of his car can they search?

What justification does an officer need to order someone out of the car once he or she has legally pulled the car over?

What justification does an officer need to search/frisk a person once he has pulled that person over in their vehicle?

Mary calls the police to her home for a domestic dispute. While there, police see drugs on the kitchen table. Which statement below is true?

Under Terry v. Ohio, an officer can "stop" someone based on _______.

With a Terry stop-and-frisk, police can only frisk if they believe the suspect to be ________.

The scope of a Terry frisk is limited to __________.

Bob is arrested for DWI and his car is impounded. During an inventory search of Bob's car, what can police search?

Mary receives welfare. Government agents show up to search Mary's home to make sure she is complying with the requirements to receive welfare. They do not have a warrant - can they lawfully search Mary's house?

Warrants are required to inspect businesses except for which two types of businesses?

A valid checkpoint must be conducted in a ______ manner in order to be valid.

According to New Jersey v. TLO, public school officials can search a student without a warrant as long as they have ________.

Bob and Ted share an apartment. Ted consents to a search of their apartment by the police when Bob is not there. Can police search Bob's bedroom?

________ is a strategy used by the police to get suspects to consent to a search of their homes when the police do not have probable cause to obtain a warrant.