maintain the pH of various formulations within prescribed limits

composed of boric acid and sodium carbonate with potassium chloride in purified water.

contains boric acid and sodium carbonate with sodium chloride in purified water.

composed of boric acid and sodium borate with sodium chloride in purified water.

prevent oxidative decomposition of pharmaceutically active components

bicarbonates

sulfates and chlorides

used as solvent and is used to make several official solution, tinctures and extracts.

obtained by distillation or by ion exchange treatment. The method of preparation should be

purified by distillation. It must pass pyrogen test. It is intended for use as a solvent for the preparation of parenteral solutions. It must be stored below 4oC or above 37oC.

is a sterile water for injection containing one or more suitable antimicrobial agents (benzyl alcohol). It is used for compounding small volumes of parenterals for IM injection.

is water for injection sterilized and suitably packaged which contains no antimicrobial agents. It is used for extemporaneous compounding of parenterals for either intravenous or intramuscular injection.

decreases coefficient of expansion in pyrex glass.

gives brown light resistant glass.

added to increase refractive index

a material that softens gradually over a temperature rather than melting sharply.

glass makes use of water attack test.

major extracellular anion

principal anion of the intracellular fluid component

2nd most prevalent anion in the extracellular fluid.

principal cation in the extracellular fluid

major intracellular cation

1% is found in intracellular fluid especially for blood clotting

2nd most plentiful cation in the intracellular fluid

constituent of thyroxin & triiodothyronine

constituent of insulin, carbonic anhydrase & lactic dehydrogenase

for the formation of hemoglobin & constituent of oxides enzymes (tyrosinase)

constituent of vitamin B12

cofactor for a number of enzymes like arginase, carboxylase & kinases

constituent of proteins, mucopolysaccharides, heparin, biotin, thiamine & lipoic acid

involved in carbohydrate utilization

constituent of xanthine oxidase & aldehyde oxidase

constituent of factor 3 acts with Vitamin E to prevent liver necrosis.

antocarcinogenic agent

cathartic, diuretic, antiseptic, disinfectant

sedative (0.2 – 2g) & CNS depressant, Hypnotic (4 - 8g)

depressant for epilepsy

treatment of hypomanic and manic states

treatment of lupus erythematosus or rheumatoid arthritis

astringent, antiseptic and deodorant

antiseptic, astringent, protein precipitant

as bromide- sedative; as chloride – desensitizing agent

Products for altering gastric pH (Antacid, Acidifier)

Taken after meals

Before meals

Less than 0.9 and used for dehydration

More than 0.9 use to cure edema

0.9% NaCl use for water retention

Softest mineral