Indian lawyer, politician, and social activist who led the nationalist independence movement against British rule of India in the early 20th century using nonviolent protest to achieve progress until his assassination in 1948.

Muslim nationalist leader in South Asia and first leader of independent Pakistan who became the leader of the Muslim League as he sought the creation of a separate Muslim state in India through negotiations with the British government that led to the partition of India and the creation of Pakistan in 1947.

Anti-colonialist leader and nationalist from Ghana who led that country's independence movement, won Ghana's independence from Britain through negotiation, and served as the first president of Ghana before establishing an authoritarian one-party dictatorship and being exiled in 1966.

Leader of the Nationalist government of China (the Guomindang) who succeeded Sun Yat-sen and who competed with Mao Zedong for control of China until the Communists forced him and the Nationalists to retreat to Taiwan in 1949.

Vietnamese nationalist leader and founder of the Indochina Communist Party who led the anti-colonial struggle against French rule during the 1950s and later fought against the US to unify North and South Vietnam under communist rule.

Political leader of Cambodia who led the Khmer Rouge and became a totalitarian dictator in the 1970s who imposed extreme hardships on the Cambodian people including the mass execution of as many as 2 million people.

Nationalist revolutionary leader known as the father of modern China who overthrew the Qing dynasty in 1911, founded the Chinese Nationalist party (the Guomindang), and became the first president of the Republic of China.

American minister and social activist who led the civil rights movement in the United States from the mid-1950s until his assassination in 1968 and who won the Nobel Peace Prize in 1964 for his use of nonviolent methods to achieve social and political change.

Founder of al-Qaeda and mastermind of the September 11, 2001 attacks who was killed by US special forces in Pakistan in 2011.

Mahayana Buddhist monk who performed self immolation in a busy intersection in Saigon on June 11, 1963 in protest of the persecution of Buddhist monks and monasteries by the dictator of South Vietnam during the Vietnam War.

First prime minister of independent India who established India's parliamentary system of government and maintained India's neutrality in the Cold War as a leader of the Non-Aligned Movement.

Campaign of deportation and mass killing of an ethnic Christian minority group in Anatolia by the Turkish government during World War I that resulted in the elimination of 90% of the target population from the Republic of Turkey.

Planned campaign of mass murder in central Africa in 1994 in which the majority Hutu population killed more than 800,000 of the minority Tutsi population in 100 days, leading a further 2 million Rwandans to flee the country.

Military operation that began in 1979 in which the USSR intervened in a conflict in a central Asian state between a communist government and Muslim guerrillas who were supported by the United States that ended with the withdrawal of Russian forces in 1989.

Political party founded in 1968 by French Canadian separatists that advocates for the independence of the province of Quebec from the rest of Canada.

Development of atomic weapon technology and stockpiles during the Cold War primarily by the United States and the Soviet Union as each side attempted to deter the use of violence by the other in international relations.

Network of government officials, generals, and corporations involved in the production of weapons and military technologies that seeks to generate political support for increased spending on the armed forces by the national government, that may contribute to the growth of standing armies and arms races between nations.

Basque separatist organization that uses armed force and terrorism to oppose Spanish rule of the Basque people in northern Spain and advocates for an independent Basque state.

Transnational Sunni insurgent group in Syria and Iraq that broke away from Al-Qaeda in 2006 and established control of much of western Iraq in 2014 while fighting against both Syrian and rebel forces in Syrian Civil War and that proclaimed the formation of a new caliphate in the Middle East before it lost all its territorial holdings in 2017.

Militant Islamist organization founded by Osama bin Laden in the late 1980s to support Muslim guerrillas fighting against the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan that later used terrorism to oppose the presence of US troops in Islamic nations through suicide attacks on US embassies, warships, and the World Trade Center and the Pentagon on September 11, 2001.

Jewish nationalist movement founded in the late 19th century by Theodore Herzl that sought the creation of a Jewish state in Palestine as a "national home" for the Jewish people, eventually leading to the foundation of the modern state of Israel after World War II.

International movement that promotes cultural and political unity among people of African descent across the world based on their common interests that first emerged in the 19th century but gained popularity in the 20th century through the work of black intellectuals including W.E.B. Du Bois and the Harlem Renaissance.

International movement that promotes cultural and political unity among Arab peoples that contributed to the collapse of the Ottoman Empire and to the emergence of new independent Arab states across the Middle East after World War II.

Policy of strict racial segregation and discrimination in South Africa that allowed the white minority to maintain political and economic dominance of the country after it gained independence from Britain.

Physical barrier that divided the former capital of Germany into two cities from 1961 to 1989 that was built to keep residents of East Germany from fleeing to West Germany and that became a symbol of the division between eastern and western Europe during the Cold War.

Development of atomic weapon technology and stockpiles during the Cold War primarily by the United States and the Soviet Union as each side attempted to deter the use of violence by the other in international relations.

Conflict over the expansion of communism in southeast Asia from 1954 to 1975 between communist forces led by Ho Chi Minh with support from the Soviet Union and a capitalist dictatorship supported by the United States.

Conflict over the expansion of communism on a peninsula in east Asia from 1950 to 1953 in which a communist state supported by the Soviet Union and China sought to gain control of its capitalist neighbor to the south who was supported by the United States and that resulted in an armistice creating a demilitarized zone that the continued division of the peninsula into two hostile states.

Paramilitary organization seeking the reunification of Ireland and the end of British rule in Northern Ireland during the late 20th century that used armed force and terrorism to oppose British rule in Northern Ireland.