When studying history, a careful reading that is attentive to organization, language, intent, vocabulary, and other structural elements of a text.

City in western Arabia; birthplace of the Prophet Muhammad, and ritual center of the Islamic religion.

Protestant denomination of Christian faith founded by Martin Luther

a 16th century movement in which the Roman Catholic Church sought to make changes for the church in response to the Protestant Reformation

a Christian religion that developed in Eastern Europe and the Middle East. With its head in Constantinople in the Byzantine Empire

Islamic state founded by Osman in northwestern Anatolia. After the fall of the Byzantine Empire, based at Istanbul (formerly Constantinople) from 1453-1922. It encompassed lands in the Middle East, North Africa, the Caucasus, and eastern Europe.

English poet remembered as author of the Canterbury Tales (1340-1400)

Everyday language of ordinary people. During the Renaissance, literature began to be published in this kind of language.

King of England 1625-1649; He believed in the Divine Right of Kings, had numerous conflicts with Parliament; fought wars with France, Spain, and Scotland; eventually provoked Civil War, convicted of treason, and beheaded.

the Landmasses of much of the Western Hemisphere, also known as the New World

an ancient Mayan city located on the Yucatan Peninsula

the Landmasses of much of the Eastern Hemisphere, also known as the Old World

The son of Mary Stuart, Queen of Scots, he succeeded the childless Elizabeth as James I of England. He was not popular and was an outsider. He inherited a large royal debt and a divided church. Believed in the Divine right of kings and absolutism, Abandons the parliament, and alienates the puritans.

time period of the Stone Age where people focused on hunting and gathering and language was not yet spoken

A printed version of the Latin Vulgate translation of the Bible that was printed by Johannes Gutenberg, in Mainz, Germany in the fifteenth century.

(c. 1412-1431) French peasant girl, a heroine and military leader inspired by religious visions; rallied French troops during the Hundred Years War to resist the English and to have Charles VII crowned king

Also called the Age of Reason. A philosophical movement which started in Europe in the 1700's and spread to the New World. It emphasized reason and the scientific method. Writers of the enlightenment tended to focus on government, ethics, and science, rather than on imagination, emotions, or religion.

A 1494 agreement between Portugal and Spain, declaring that newly discovered lands to the west of an imaginary line in the Atlantic Ocean would belong to Spain and newly discovered lands to the east of the line would belong to Portugal.

An economic policy under which nations sought to increase their wealth and power by obtaining large amounts of gold and silver from Colonies, forcing them to sell only to their mother country, and by selling more goods than they bought

Means "rebirth", an era which emphasizes education, art and critical thinking. A period of intense artistic and intellectual activity, said to be a 'rebirth' of classical culture. Usually divided into an Italian period, from roughly the mid-fourteenth to mid-fifteenth century, and a Northern period, 1400-1600.

King of England, Scotland, and Ireland (1660-1685) who reigned during the Restoration, a period of expanding trade and colonization. Followed Oliver Cromwell's Interregnum.

An instrument that uses a magnetized steel bar to indicate direction relative to the earth's poles.

the rebirth of a soul in a new body.

a document nailed to a church door in Wittenberg, Germany in 1517 by Martin Luther; Luther's list of arguments against the Roman Catholic Church

What are belief, prayer, charity, fasting, pilgrimage also known as?

Home to an Absolute Monarchy located in Western Europe. Led by the Bourbon Dynasty in the 1600 and 1700s. Paris is the capitol.

System of knotted colored cords used by preliterate Andean peoples to transmit information. These knots are interesting because the Inca are notable for being a relatively sophisticated empire and civilization, but they had no written language

Located on the northern part of the island of Great Britain. One of the countries that make up the United Kingdom. Edinburgh is the capitol.

An enlightened ruler who was a musician, patron of the arts, and friend to Voltaire, also the architect of German military success against another great monarch. Also known as "the Great"

A reference to the political events of 1688-1689, when James II (Catholic) abdicated his throne and was replaced by his Protestant daughter Mary and her husband, Prince William of Orange.

What's the name of the gold-salt trade that linked North and West Africa across a Desert, which also spread Islam; land trade

Italian Renaissance painter who painted members of the Medici family and religious figures.

the lawmaking body of British government

When studying history, a point of view or general standpoint from which different things are viewed, physically or mentally.

A religious movement of the 16th century that began as an attempt to reform the Roman Catholic Church and resulted in the creation of Protestant churches.

City founded as the second capital of the Roman Empire; later became the capital of the Byzantine Empire, then the Ottoman Empire, and today the Republic of Turkey.

A man who received honor and land in exchange for serving a lord as a soldier.

Italian city-state- port city and manufactured glass in Renaissance Italy On the Adriatic Sea, became wealthy and powerful as a result of trade across the Adriatic and Mediterranean. Important Renaissance center.

Italian Baroque painter noted for his realistic depiction of religious subjects and his novel use of light (tenebroso)

the capital of England and the United Kingdom. Home to Enlightenment thinkers like Thomas Hobbes, John Locke, and Mary Wollstonecraft.

Known as the Sun King, he was an absolute monarch that completely controlled his country. One of his greatest accomplishments was the building of the palace at Versailles. He ruled for the longest time ever in Europe, issued several economic policies and costly wars, and was the prime example of absolutism. He said "I AM THE STATE" (1638-1715)

A well known Italian Renaissance artist, architect, musician, mathematician, engineer, and scientist. Known for the Mona Lisa, the Last Supper, and for engineering early designs of helicopters and parachutes.

A key figure in the Protestant Reformation, French, main teaching was predestination

the most powerful Christian religion in Europe in the Middle Ages and after the Middle Ages

(330-1453) The eastern half of the Roman Empire, which survived after the fall of the Western Empire at the end of the 5th century C.E. Its capital was Constantinople, named after the Emperor Constantine.

First major Spanish colony in Asia.

to focus in on one specific task and get good at it

A major change in European thought, starting in the mid-1500s, in which the study of the natural world began to be characterized by careful observation and the questioning of accepted beliefs.

Religious group who wanted to purify the Church of England; came to America for religious freedom and settled Massachusetts Bay.

(1473-1543) A Polish astronomer who proved that the Ptolemaic system was inaccurate, he proposed the theory that the sun, not the earth, was the center of the solar system.

A way of thinking and learning that stresses the importance of human abilities and actions. An Idea that humans are important and should celebrate life; shift from trying to do good and enter Heaven, popular during the Renaissance

Renaissance writer; formerly a politician, wrote The Prince, a work on ethics and government, describing how rulers maintain power by methods that ignore right or wrong; accepted the philosophy that "the end justifies the means."

(1215-1294) Grandson of Genghis Khan and founder of the Mongol Yuan Dynasty in China.

Monarchs who introduced reforms to better society (freedom of speech, the press, religious toleration, education, laws) like Joseph II of Austria, Catherine the Great of Russia and Frederick II of Prussia, who ruled absolutely but tried to tolerate enlightenment thought.

Expelling someone from the church

Extensive law code established by a Babylonian King

A Spanish conqueror of the Americas

Political organization: urban king rules surrounding agricultural regions

A person who studies human history, particularly the culture of historic and prehistoric people, through discovery and exploration of remains, structures and writings.

government where the king is in charge; when the king dies, his heir (often his son) takes over

Pope who excommunicated Henry VIII, created the religious order of the Jesuits, and created the Council of Trent.

(1689-1755) wrote 'Spirit of the Laws', said that no single set of political laws was applicable to all - depended on relationship and variables, supported division of government, separation of powers.

an opinion that went against the Catholic Church

large nomadic group from northern Asia who invaded territories extending from China to Europe. They virtually lived on their horses, herding cattle, sheep, and horses as well as hunting.

King and Queen of England in 1688. With them, King James' Catholic reign ended. As they were Protestant, the Puritans were pleased because only protestants could be office-holders after the Glorious Revolution that recognized the supremacy of the English Parliament over the Monarchy.

Doctrine that states that the right of ruling comes from God and not people's consent

A group consisting of puritans, country land owners, and town based manufacturers, led by Oliver Cromwell; fought against the Cavaliers during the English Civil War.

Form of Protestantism set up in England after 1534; established by Henry VIII with himself as head, at least in part to obtain a divorce from his first wife; became increasingly Protestant following Henry's death

A form of government, usually hereditary monarchy, in which the ruler has no legal limits on his or her power. In which an absolute ruler is not restricted by a constitution, laws or opposition.

In his "Social Contract" he explained an ideal society where each community member would vote on issues and majority would become one law.

A belief or theory that opinions and actions should be based on reason and knowledge rather than on religious belief or emotional response

English military, political, and religious figure who led the Parliamentarian victory in the English Civil War (1642-1649) and called for the execution of Charles I. As lord protector of England (1653-1658) he ruled as a virtual dictator during the "Interregnum"

Thomas Hobbes published this work stating that people needed a strong ruler

Constitutional division of powers among the legislative, executive, and judicial branches, with the legislative branch making law, the executive applying and enforcing the law, and the judiciary interpreting the law. Proposed by Montesquieu.