WorksheetsWHAP Midterm Review 2019
Total questions: 107
Worksheet time: 1hrs 1mins
Palmira Brummett, Civilization Past & Present, world history textbook, 2007
Passage Two: Whenever I visited Jerusalem, I always entered the Aqsa Mosque, beside which stood a small mosque which the Franks had converted into a church. … [T]he Templars, … who were my friends, would evacuate the little adjoining mosque so that I could pray in it.
Usamah ibn Munqidh, Muslim historian, Jerusalem, circa 1138
Question: The second passage does not support the first passage because the second passage
The astrolabe depicted in the image least represents which of the following?
Use of celestial navigation
Knowledge from the classical world
Diffusion of maritime technologies
Mariners' ability to determine longitude
Which of the following BEST describes the point of view of Shivaji Bhonsle, the speaker of Source 2?
Shivaji, as a friend of Aurangzeb, agreed that the jizya should be a sign of piety and loyalty.
Shivaji, as a leader with less power than Rana Raj Singh, argued that only the rich should be taxed.
Shivaji, as an ally of the Muslim state, requested that the jizya be postponed.
Shivaji, as a leader of the Hindu Marathas, criticized Aurangzeb for the unfairness of the jizya.
Refer to the excerpt below about the slave trade in Africa in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries C.E.
In Africa, meanwhile, wherever strong states and empires shook and changed the old framework of tribal equality, there emerged the new phenomenon of mass subjugation of one people by another. This was not slavery as Europe understood the word—chattel slavery, the stripping of a man of all his rights and property—but serfdom, vassalship, 'domestic slavery'. Degrees of servility and obligation would immensely vary with time and place, as they would elsewhere; but this vassalship in Africa would have many institutional parallels with that of Europe.
—From Basil Davidson's The African Slave Trade. Little, Brown, 1988.
The rising demand for African slave labor on European plantations in the Atlantic was most directly related to
relatively low mortality rates among young African males.
the complete lack of indigenous work forces.
colonial demand for agricultural products.
the lucrative growth of cash crops.
Ideas similar to those expressed in Source 2 have directly contributed to the development of which of the following aspects of nineteenth-century European imperial history?
The creation of an elaborate system of alliances between European nation-states.
The belief in European superiority over indigenous cultures.
The abolition of the slave trade and slavery in the Americas.
The meeting of the Berlin Conference between European imperial powers.
Which of the following was most likely the main source used by historians to compile data displayed in Source 2?
Diaries of slave ship captains
Memoirs of enslaved persons
Records from slave ships and ports
Slave ship schematics
Refer to King Louis XIV's "Code Noir" below, about religion in the Caribbean (from "Edict of the King Concerning the enforcement of order in the French American islands from the month of March 1685").
III. We forbid any public exercise of any religion other than the Catholic, Apostolic, and Roman; we wish that the offenders be punished as rebels and disobedient to our orders. We prohibit all congregations for this end, which we declare "conventicules," illicit and seditious, subject to the same penalty which will be levied even against masters who allow or tolerate them among their slaves.
—Le Code Noir ou recueil des reglements rendus jusqu'a present. Paris: Prault, 1767. Reproduced by the Societé, d'Histoire de la Guadeloupe, 1980. Translated by John Garrigus.
Within the plantation societies of the French colonies, African slaves developed a belief system based on
a strictly European form of Christianity.
combined Christian and African traditions.
supernatural powers and witchcraft.
worship of African deities and spirits.
The astrolabe and other navigational advances allowed mariners on their voyages to
sail oceans with only a slight degree of accuracy.
gather data regarding the geography of the world.
break away from reliance on trade winds and currents.
stay at sea for shorter periods of time.
Refer to the excerpt below about the slave trade in Africa in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries C.E.
In Africa, meanwhile, wherever strong states and empires shook and changed the old framework of tribal equality, there emerged the new phenomenon of mass subjugation of one people by another. This was not slavery as Europe understood the word—chattel slavery, the stripping of a man of all his rights and property—but serfdom, vassalship, 'domestic slavery'. Degrees of servility and obligation would immensely vary with time and place, as they would elsewhere; but this vassalship in Africa would have many institutional parallels with that of Europe.
—From Basil Davidson's The African Slave Trade. Little, Brown, 1988.
Which of the following was an important direct effect on Africa as the result of the development of the Atlantic slave trade?
Violence and turmoil fueled by slave raiding parties
The rise of imperial kingdoms in west Africa
The breakdown of kinship groups as social structures
Major declines in overall African population levels
Refer to the excerpt below by Francis Petty c. 1580 about "The Famous Voyage of Sir Francis Drake into the South Sea, and therehence about the whole Globe of the Earth, begun in the year of our Lord 1577."
To Lima we came the 13. of February; and, being entered the haven, we found there about twelve sail of ships lying fast moored at an anchor, having all their sails carried on shore; for the masters and merchants were here most secure, having never been assaulted by enemies, and at this time feared the approach of none such as we were. Our General rifled these ships, and found in one of them a chest full of reals of plate [silver coins], and good store of silks and linen cloth; and took the chest into his own ship, and good store of the silks and linen. In which ship he had news of another ship called the Cacafuego, which was gone towards Payta, and that the same ship was laden with treasure . . . hence we departed, still following the Cacafuego. . . . It fortuned that John Drake, going up into the top, descried her about three of the clock. And about six of the clock we came to her and boarded her, and shot at her three pieces of ordnance, and strake down her mizen; and, being entered, we found in her great riches, as jewels and precious stones, thirteen chests full of reals of plate, fourscore pound weight of gold, and six-and-twenty ton of silver.
—Elliot, C.W., ed. Voyages and Travels: Ancient and Modern, with Introductions, Notes and Illustrations. New York: P. F. Collier, 1910. The Harvard Classics, Vol. XXXIII.
The activities described in the excerpt are best understood in the context of which of the following?
Commercial and trade rivalries between European states
Development of naval power among European rivals
Conflicts fueled by religious differences among European nations
Ongoing maritime explorations and expansion
A historian could BEST use both the passage and Image 1 to illustrate which of the following statements about Tokugawa Japan (1600-1868 CE)?
Growing middle classes patronized urban entertainment districts.
Neo-Confucianism formed the basis for Japanese education.
Social significance of Samurai declined.
Tokugawa Shoguns centralized authority in Edo.
Which of the following conclusions about the period 1500 to 1700 is most directly supported by the passage and Image 1 ?
European states established new colonial empires in the Americas.
New global circulations of silver from the Americas were closely connected to the creation of a global economy.
State chartered European monopoly companies facilitated a global circulation of goods.
The Atlantic system involved the movement of free and unfree laborers.
The global process explained in the excerpt above MOST dramatically impacted East Asia as
regional trade in spices increased to pay for the shipping of new world crops
indigenous American cooking practices migrated to the region leading to new cuisines
mineral wealth allowed the Spanish government to dominate East Asian trade
high-calorie foods entered the East Asian diet leading to population increases
Which of the following was the basis of the conflict that started and sustained the Thirty Years' War?
Dynastic conflict over the heir to the Spanish Empire.
Political differences over the best form of government, constitutional or absolutist.
Religious conflict between Christians and Muslims.
Religious differences between Protestant and Catholic Christians.
Which of the following developments was the MOST significant factor in the expansion of Portuguese power illustrated by Image 1 and Image 2?
Advanced technological developments in metallurgy and gunpowder.
Expanding power of the Portuguese state to raise revenue to support naval exploration and weapons.
Growing middle class of wealthy merchants that financed imperial expansion.
Royal charter for a joint-stock company with a monopoly over trade in the Indian Ocean.
The environmental exploitation of North America by European explorers least likely resulted in which of the following by the late sixteenth century?
Soil depletion and deforestation
Extinction of some animal species through hunting
Declines in ocean resources due to overharvesting
Surplus grain supplies due to overplanting
Bailey's analysis most directly illustrates which of the following?
The exclusive role Europeans played in attaining slave labor for the Americas.
The multidimensional role of both European and African groups in the enslavement of Africans.
That Europeans and Africans benefitted equally in the Atlantic Slave Trade.
The dominant influence of specific African nations in the enslavement of Africans from rival groups.
Refer to the excerpt below about Prince Henry (the Navigator) of Portugal (1394-1460).
When we see the small population of a narrow strip of the Spanish Peninsula, limited both in means and men, become, in an incredibly short space of time, a mighty maritime nation, not only conquering the island and Western Coasts of Africa and rounding its Southern Cape, but creating empires and founding capital cities at a distance of two thousand leagues from their own homesteads, we are tempted to suppose that such results must have been brought about by some freak of fortune, some happy stroke of luck. Not so: they were the effects of the patience, wisdom, intellectual labour, and example of one man, backed by the pluck of a race of sailors who, when we consider the means at their disposal, have been unsurpassed as adventurers in any country or in any age. Doubtless, the geographical position of Portugal, at the extremity of the European continent, had much to do with the suggestion of its glorious mission; but what else besides danger and death could the formidable waves of the Atlantic have suggested to her mariners, had it not been for the courageous conception and unflinching zeal of one who, during forty long years of even limited success, knew how to blend patience with enthusiasm, and conquer disappointment by devoted persistence in what he had prescribed to himself as a duty.
—From Richard Henry Major's The Discoveries of Prince Henry the Navigator: And Their Results; Being the Narrative of the Discovery by Sea, Within One Century, of More Than Half the World. Sampson Low, Marston, Searle & Rivington, 1877.
Which of the following was least likely a cause for the weakening and eventual decline of Portuguese influence in the late 1500s?
The ongoing conflict with Spain
Their inability to control merchants in previously established trade networks
The lack of military power
The small population of their country
Which of the following was a MAJOR similarity between the economic dimensions of Russian expansion into Siberia, and French colonialism in New France (in present-day Canada and the United States)?
Imperial economies depended on a range of coerced labor.
Empires collected tribute from neighboring states.
Trade with indigenous peoples produced commodities for global markets.
Merchants backed by state power took over a share of interregional commerce.
Refer to the excerpt below about mercantilism and joint-stock companies as interpreted from the Virginia Charter of 1606.
The royal aid as finally obtained for a colonial enterprise came in a somewhat different form. The letters patent to Sir Thomas Gates and others for plantations in Virginia show that the investment was made solely by individuals, and that the joint stock was not public. . . . The business management was left to the joint stock companies. . . . In fact, the only activity of the adventurers, so far as it is revealed in the extant documents, consisted in the choice in London of one or more groups of agents, called "companies" to manage the goods sent out and received and to look after the profits.
—Records of the Virginia Company of London, Volume 1, Library of Congress, 1906. Introduction by Susan Myra Kingsbury, A.M., Ph.D.
The creation of joint-stock companies, as described in the excerpt, was most closely connected to which of the following?
The growing influence of merchants in the affairs of government
Rapid growth of European cities as centers of commerce
Entrepreneurs' organization of the putting-out system
The emerging strength of craft guild monopolies
Which of the following best describes the impact of contemporary intellectual ideas on this excerpt?
The influence of Islamic ideas in Europe lead to the growth of humanism and a strengthening of religious authority.
Newfound theories due to the discovery of the Americas reinforced the power of the Catholic Church.
European obsession with trade led to the development of a powerful alliance of merchants against the Protestant Reformation.
Developments in art, science, and literature worked to challenge the intellectual status quo along with the Reformation.
Which of the following Chinese innovations MOST stimulated oceanic trade from 600 CE to 1450?
Gunpowder
Astrolabe
Lateen Sails
Compass
All of the following were ways that the environment of the Indian Ocean facilitated trade except
Mid-ocean island settlements provided supplies for ocean voyages
Yearly monsoon wind cycles made round-trip travel possible
The tropical climate of the region produced goods high in demand and value
The fertile region surrounding the Indian Ocean supported a wide variety of cultures
Which statement about the role of South Asia in Indian Ocean trade form 600 CE to 1450 is most accurate?
Political fragmentation among Indian kingdoms limited trade contacts with South Asia
The dominance of Muslim traders in the Indian Ocean prevented Indian Hindu traders from playing a significant role
The large production of trade goods in India gave South Asia a central role in Indian Ocean trade
The Mughal Dynasty controlled trade in the Indian Ocean
For walking is Zen, sitting is Zen, Whether talking or remaining silent whether moving or standing quiet, the Essence itself is ever at ease; Even when greeted with swords and spears it never loses its quiet way, So with poisonous drugs, the fail to perturb its serenity. The two sources are BEST understood in the context of which of the following?
The spread of Buddhism to Central and East Asia
The spread of Buddhism to East and Southeast Asia
The spread of Buddhism throughout South Asia
The spread of Buddhism in the Indian Ocean Basin
The Travels of Marco Polo: When you leave the kingdom of Samatra you come to another which is called Dagroian. It is an independent kingdom, and has a language of its own. The people are very wild, but they call themselves the subjects fo the great Khan. I will tell you a wicked custom of theirs. When one of them is ill they send for their sorcerers, and put the question to them, whether the sick man shall recover of his sickness or no. If they say that he will recover, then they let him alone till he gets better. But if the sorcerers foretell that the sick man is to die, the friends send for certain judges of theirs to put to death him who has thus been condemned by the sorcerers to die. These men come and lay so many clothes upon the sick mans mouth that they suffocate him. And when he is dead they have him cooked, and gather together all the dead man's kin and eat him. and i assure you they do suck the very bones till not a particle of marrow remains in them; for they say that if any nourishment remained in the bones this would breed worms, and then the worms would die for want of food, and the death of those worms would be laid to the charge fo the deceased man's soul. And so they eat him up stump and rump. The events recounted by Marco Polo in the excerpt above MOST likely occurred during which of the following periods of history?
The Han Dynasty
The Qing Dynasty
The Shang Dynasty
The Yuan Dynasty
Ibn Battuta, Life at Walata, 1929: "Their women are of surpassing beauty, and are shown more respect than the men. The state of affairs amongst these people is indeed extraordinary. Their men show no signs of jealousy whatever; no one claims descent from his father, but on the contrary from his mother's brother. A person's heirs are his sisters sons, not his own sons. This is a thing which I have seen nowhere in the world except among the Indians of Malabar. But those are heathens; these people are Muslims, punctilious in observing the hours of prayer, studying books of law, and memorizing the Koran. Yet their women know no bashfulness before men and do not veil themselves, though they are assiduous in attending the prayers. Any man who wishes to marry one of them may do so, but they do not travel with their husbands, and even if one desired to do so her family would not allow her to go." Compared to the descriptions in the excerpt, Christian practices concerning gender roles in the period 600-1450 C.E. differed in that they...
Forbade women from serving as important members of the Church
Offered women alternatives to marriage in the form of monastic lifestyles
Allowed women increased equality in the form of complete economic and social autonomy
Asserted that women were not bound to the same religious constraints as men
Using this map of Inca holdings as a reference, which of the following statements best represents Inca territorial expansion in the 15th and 16th centuries C.E.?
Territorial expansion relied on a single, unifying culture to facilitate its spread throughout Inca holdings
Territorial expansion ensued once the Inca developed a writing system for record keeping
Territorial expansion was necessary due to Incan society's lack of an agricultural base
Territorial expansion was largely facilitated through military conquest and creation of a confederation of states
Which of the following statements is most accurate based on the current historical understanding of American empires prior to European arrival in the early 16th century?
European interference helped a process whereby American empires such as those of the Aztecs and Incas were growing closer to establishing a unified government linking Mesoamerica and the Andes
Both the Inca and Aztec empires were in the process of being replaced by other indigenous empires prior to the arrival of Europeans in the Americas
The American empires of the Incas and Aztecs were dealing with internal weaknesses and may have dissolved on their own without European intervention
Without European intervention, American empires like those of the Aztecs and Incas were stable enough socially and politically to survive on their own for many more years
The country of Cochin is far away in the South-west, on the shore of the vast ocean, further distant than the other fan countries. It has long inclined towards Chinese culture and been accepting of civilizing influences. Their loyalty came to allegiance, provided goods and then, looking to Heaven, they bowed and all said: 'How fortunate we are that the civilizing influences of the Chinese sages should reach you. For the last several years, the country has had fertile soil, and the people have had houses in which to live, enough fish and turtles to eat, and enough cloth and silk to make clothes. Parents have looked after their children and the young have respected their elders. Zheng He's voyages promoted the Chinese state by...
Ensuring a supply of Confucian converts to pilgrimage sites in China
Reinforcing the subservient nature of states within the Indian Ocean basin
Leading to the discovery of technological innovations
Rebuilding national prestige through foreign tribute
The item in the image is important to navigation because it
measures lines of latitude.
shows the position of the starts.
shows the direction ships were moving.
shows time in minutes and seconds.
This engraving that illustrates a Roman Catholic friar’s account of his 1623–1624 missionary visit to the Huron Indians in Canada BEST exemplifies which of the following?
theological syncretism between a two religions of salvation
imposition of religion along trade routes
effects of colonization on indigenous cultural and religious standards
syncretization of a religion of salvation with shamanistic religions
Based on the map above and your knowledge of history, the division of the Roman empire was a result of
the fragmentation of Christianity inspiring dissent between the western and eastern sides.
the empire growing too large to govern directly from the capital.
the threat of a Hun invasion forcing the empire to reconfigure its defenses.
rough competition for the role of emperor leading to the division of the empire under two emperors.
Based on the passage above, what can be inferred regarding the roles of tribes existing outside of China during this period?
Tribes such as the Rong and Di were both hostile to the Chinese.
Chinese armies often relied on outside tribes in times of war.
External tribes generally sympathized with those who shared similar goals
The service of outside tribes could be bought for the right price.
The First Emperor of the Qin dynasty is known for each of the following accomplishments EXCEPT:
The establishment of the Silk Road
The unification of several walls into the Great Wall of China.
The creation of a gigantic army of terracotta warriors
The unification of numerous city-states into a nation.
Which of the following was MAJOR similarity between the economic dimensions of Russian expansion into Siberia and French colonialism in New France (in present-day Canada and the United States)?
Imperial economies depended on a range of coerced labor.
Empires collected tribute from neighboring states.
Trade with indigenous peoples produced commodities for global markets
Merchants backed by state power took over a share of interregional commerce.
Based on your knowledge of world history, development show in Image 1 is BEST understood in the context which of the following?
Babur's southward expansion of the Timurid dynasty.
Ming and Qing campaigns north of the Great Wall.
Muscovy's aggressive territorial expansion to its east.
Peter the Great's Westernizing policy.
According to this passage, which of the following was the MOST significant effect of gunpowder weapons in the early modern period?
Empires who used gunpowder weapons were able to expand farther and faster than before.
The Safavid Empire was defeated in the battle of Chaldiran.
Skilled gunsmiths became in high demand.
Chinese artists used gunpowder to create impressive fireworks displays.
In contrast to the Russian experience, the emergence of the Qing Dynasty under the Manchu is an example of the
declining importance of centralization in states.
wholesale replacement of a previously stable empire
utilization of religious ideals to motivate imperial expansion
construction of a regime rejecting global interaction.
A historian could BEST use both the passage and Image 1 to illustrate which of the following statements about Tokugawa Japan?
Growing middle classes patronized urban entertainment districts.
Neo-Confucianism formed the basis for Japanese education.
Social significance of Samurai declined.
Tokugawa Shoguns centralized authority in Edo.
Which of the following best describes the impact of contemporary intellectual ideas on this excerpt?
The influence of Islamic ideas in Europe lead to growth of humanism and a strengthening of religious authority.
Newfound theories due to the discovery of the Americas reinforced the power of the Catholic Church.
European obsession with trade led to the development of a powerful alliance of merchants against the Protestant Reformation.
Developments in art, science, and literature worked to challenge the intellectual status quo along with the Reformation.
Which of the following BEST describes the point of view of Shivaji Bhonsle, the speaker of Source 2?
Shivaji, as a friend of Aurangzeb, agreed that the jizya should be a sign of piety and loyalty.
Shivaji, as a leader with less power than Rana Raj Singh, argued that only the rich should be taxed.
Shivaji, as an ally of the Muslim state, requested that the jizya be postponed.
Shivji, as a leader of the Hindu Marathas, criticized Aurangzeb for the unfairness of the jizya.
Which of the was the basis of the conflict that started and sustained the Thirty Years' War?
Dynastic conflict over the heir to the Spanish Empire.
Political differences over the best form of government, constitutional or absolutist.
Religious conflict between Christians and Muslims
Religious differences between Protestant and Catholic Christians.
“It is most evident that kings, queens, and other princes . . . are ordained of God, are to be obeyed and honored by their subjects; that such subjects as are disobedient or rebellious against their princes, disobey God.”
An Homily Against Disobedience and Willful Rebellion, Church of England, 1570
What could most reasonably be concluded from the sermon above?
The clergy generally appointed kings, queens, and princes.
Rulers often used religious ideas and institutions to justify their rule.
Rulers were most often chosen from members of the clergy.
The clergy believed in the separation of church and state.
Which of the following about Afro-Eurasian trade is supported by the map above?
The states of the Middle East did not participate in the Indian Ocean trading system.
The Ottoman Empire was located at the intersections of major trading routes.
The Delhi Sultanate relied primarily on sea routes to participate in the silk trade across Asia.
The Islamic states of West Africa maintained close commercial ties with eastern Europe.
The Ottoman Empire’s recruitment of soldiers and bureaucrats through the system depicted in the image is most similar to which broader method that rulers used to strengthen their empires in the period 1450–1750 ?
The collection of tribute
Establishment of religious uniformity
Abolition of feudal privileges
The granting of autonomy to minority groups
Slave Codes
October 1669
Whereas the only law in force for the punishment of refractory servants resisting their master, mistress, or overseer cannot be inflicted upon Negroes, nor the obstinacy of many of them be suppressed by other than violent means, be it enacted and declared by this Grand Assembly if any slave resists his master (or other by his master's order correcting him) and by the extremity of the correction should chance to die, that his death shall not be accounted a felony, but the master (or that other person appointed by the master to punish him) be acquitted from molestation, since it cannot be presumed that premeditated malice (which alone makes murder a felony) should induce any man to destroy his own estate.
In the excerpt, the main purpose of the Virginian slave code legislation is to point out that
slaves protected other slaves in Virginia from malicious attacks.
all humans in the colony enjoyed equal protection under the law.
slaves in Virginia were expected to behave appropriately or they could face punishment.
punishment of slaves that resulted in death was not a felony, as slaves were property.
The context of the juxtaposition of the images of Aztec ritual human sacrifice and the Virgin of Guadalupe BEST exemplifies which of the following?
spread of religion along trade routes
syncretization between an indigenous religion and a religion of salvation
collapse of indigenous religious beliefs when confronted by religions of conquerors
colonial adaptations of conquering religions while rejecting previous religious practices
Which group was the illustrator probably most interested in reaching with the content of this illustration that shows the hard labor required to produce sugarcane for processing into molasses, sugar, and rum?
plantation owners who produced agricultural crops using the labor of enslaved Africans
slaves who worked on plantations in the Americas
ship owners who used their vessels to transport enslaved Africans to the Americas to labor on plantations
actual or potential supporters of the abolition of chattel slavery in the Americas
Which of the following BEST explains the rapid growth in sub-Saharan population between ca. 1500 and ca. 1800?
cultivation of manioc root in western and central Africa that was used for flour, allowing for exploitation of poorer soils
outbreaks of epidemic diseases brought from the Americas
introduction of peanuts and maize from the Americas to add to diversity of African food source
large-scale coerced migration to the Americas
When we see the small population of a narrow strip of the Spanish Peninsula, limited both in means and men, become, in an incredibly short space of time, a mighty maritime nation, not only conquering the island and Western Coasts of Africa and rounding its Southern Cape, but creating empires and founding capital cities at a distance of two thousand leagues from their own homesteads, we are tempted to suppose that such results must have been brought about by some freak of fortune, some happy stroke of luck. Not so: they were the effects of the patience, wisdom, intellectual labour, and example of one man, backed by the pluck of a race of sailors who, when we consider the means at their disposal, have been unsurpassed as adventurers in any country or in any age. Doubtless, the geographical position of Portugal, at the extremity of the European continent, had much to do with the suggestion of its glorious mission; but what else besides danger and death could the formidable waves of the Atlantic have suggested to her mariners, had it not been for the courageous conception and unflinching zeal of one who, during forty long years of even limited success, knew how to blend patience with enthusiasm, and conquer disappointment by devoted persistence in what he had prescribed to himself as a duty.
—From Richard Henry Major’s The Discoveries of Prince Henry the Navigator: And Their Results; Being the Narrative of the Discovery by Sea, Within One Century, of More Than Half the World. Sampson Low, Marston, Searle & Rivington, 1877.
After the death of Prince Henry in 1460, Portuguese mariners most likely adopted a maritime policy based on
abandonment of their pursuit of African commercial empires.
concentration on the development of plantations in the Atlantic.
extension of their influence and control into the Indian Ocean basin.
expansion of Christian missionary efforts.
Which of the following best represents the main difference between the Columbian exchange, which was initiated by the mid-Atlantic voyages shown on the map, and the Islamic diffusions that took place earlier between 700 to 1100 C.E.?
The Columbian exchange involved exchanges of radically different biological agents.
The Islamic diffusion had little demographic or economic impact.
The Columbian exchange did not alter human geography.
The Islamic diffusion would be experienced regionally and globally.
The royal aid as finally obtained for a colonial enterprise came in a somewhat different form. The letters patent to Sir Thomas Gates and others for plantations in Virginia show that the investment was made solely by individuals, and that the joint stock was not public. . . . The business management was left to the joint stock companies. . . . In fact, the only activity of the adventurers, so far as it is revealed in the extant documents, consisted in the choice in London of one or more groups of agents, called “companies” to manage the goods sent out and received and to look after the profits.
—Records of the Virginia Company of London, Volume 1, Library of Congress, 1906. Introduction by Susan Myra Kingsbury, A.M., Ph.D.
The creation of joint-stock companies, as described in the excerpt, was most closely connected to which of the following?
The emerging strength of craft guild monopolies
Entrepreneurs’ organization of the putting-out system
The growing influence of merchants in the affairs of government
Rapid growth of European cities as centers of commerce
In Africa, meanwhile, wherever strong states and empires shook and changed the old framework of tribal equality, there emerged the new phenomenon of mass subjugation of one people by another. This was not slavery as Europe understood the word—chattel slavery, the stripping of a man of all his rights and property—but serfdom, vassalship, ‘domestic slavery’. Degrees of servility and obligation would immensely vary with time and place, as they would elsewhere; but this vassalship in Africa would have many institutional parallels with that of Europe.
—From Basil Davidson’s The African Slave Trade. Little, Brown, 1988.
Prior to European contact, which of the following was least likely as a source of slaves within African society?
Individuals purchased through Islamic slave traders
People used as collateral for debt payments
Captives as result of wartime activities
Society members without kinship or clan connections
By the eighteenth century, neo-Confucianism had created which of the following reactions among Japanese scholars?
Total immersion in Chinese intellectual traditions
Dedication to European style arts and learning
Endorsement of popular culture through theater and prose
Desire to embrace traditional Japanese literature and culture
Based on eyewitness Spanish accounts of the Aztec capital of Tenochtitlan, such as Bernal Díaz del Castillo in 1519, which of the following best reflects Spanish impressions of Aztec culture?
Admiration for Aztec architecture and building technology
Conflicting emotions over evidence of human sacrifice
Recognition of the importance of Aztec trade networks
Overall peaceful nature of Aztec society
The Sultan's hall was crowded with people, among whom were several officers of high rank. Besides these, there were all the troopers of the Imperial guard, and a large force of Janissaries [the elite infantry corps], but there was not in all that great assembly a single man who owed his position to anything save his valor and his merit. No distinction is attached to birth among the Turks; the respect to be paid to a man is measured by the position he holds in the public service. . . . If a man is dishonest, or lazy, or careless, he remains at the bottom of the ladder, an object of contempt; for such qualities there are no honors in Turkey!
This is the reason that they are successful in their undertakings, that they lord it over others, and are daily extending the bounds of their empire. . . . The Turkish monarch going to war takes with him over 40,000 camels and nearly as many baggage mules, of which a great part, when he is invading Persia, are loaded with rice and other kinds of grain. These mules and camels also serve to carry tents and armor, and likewise tools and munitions for the campaign. . . . The invading army carefully abstains from encroaching on its supplies at the outset. . . . From this you will see that it is the patience, self denial, and thrift of the Turkish soldier that enable him to face the most trying circumstances, and come safely out of the dangers that surround him.
—Foster, C.T. and F.H. Blackburne Daniell. "Suleyman 'the Lawgiver'" in The Life and Letters of Ogier Ghiselin de Busbecq. Vol. 1. London: Hakluyt Society, 1881.
The military system described by De Busbecq in the excerpt differed most greatly from European models by which of the following?
The use of military technology
The intensity of the military training
The desire of soldiers to engage in holy war
The establishment of rank through ability instead of birth
All of the following were contributions made by British Captain James Cook and his crew during three voyages of reconnaissance between 1768 and 1780 C.E. EXCEPT
he and his crew attempted to find a way to sail north of North America to Europe, but failed.
the expedition’s members spent time in Polynesia, visiting Tahiti, Tonga, and ’Hawaii .
Cook and his crew made the first circumnavigation of the globe by Europeans.
one expedition’s cartographer mapped the coastlines of eastern Australia and New Zealand.
The spread of the Byzantine Empire’s influence northward due to efforts of figures like the ones pictured here, Cyril and Methodius, led directly to which of the following historical developments?
Trade connections were created between Constantinople and cities along the Baltic.
The use of paper currency as a state financial institution spread to central Europe.
Slavic communities were encompassed into Byzantine culture and trade networks.
Conflict emerged with Western European Germanic kingdoms such as those of the Carolingians.
Which of the following BEST exemplifies the reason for the developing trade relationship between the Byzantine Empire and Kievan Rus after the late 900s C.E.?
The kingdoms' mutual ties to Orthodox Christianity.
The absence of Viking interference in Kievan Rus.
The persistence of preexisting classical-era trade routes in the region.
The need to create a trade relationship between Kievan Rus and the Golden Horde Empire
A historian might use this image to demonstrate which of the following?
The longship allowed Viking warriors to travel both open ocean and in-land rivers.
Tapestries were a valued commodity for trade during the Middle Ages.
Norse conquerors relied heavily on the use of horses to invade territory
The Vikings eventually adopted Christianity and began to settle in parts of continental Europe.
Based on this image and your knowledge of world history, which of the following civilizations is depicted here?
The Song Dynasty of China.
The Ancient Persians.
The Norwegian Vikings
The Incan Empire of Peru.
Based on the passage and your knowledge of world history, which of the following aspects of Indian culture best relates to the strengths of the Indian people according to the author above?
Vegetarianism.
The notions of dharma and karma.
The gods of India.
The caste system.
In the spirit of this passage, which of the following is a major element of Chinese culture that did not integrate well with Buddhism?
Polytheism.
Filial piety.
Harmony with nature.
The dynastic cycle.
Based on the map of states in eastern Africa around 1300 C.E., which of the following cultural interactions led directly to the formation of these states?
The arrival of the Portuguese who created trading posts along the Indian Ocean coastline.
The influence of Islamic trade which began during the Abbasid caliphate.
The arrival of Christianity which led to the rise of new African kingdoms.
The expansion of Egypt into Sudan and eventually to the Indian Ocean.
The new, powerful trade states of East Africa are best understood in the larger context of which of the following major trade systems by 1300 C.E.?
The trans-Saharan trade system that connected West and East Africa to the larger Afro-Eurasian trade network.
The sub-Saharan trade network that had developed during the Bantu migrations prior to 1300 C.E.
The Atlantic trade system's spread to incorporate the East Coast of Africa.
The Indian Ocean maritime trade network that began to emerge in the 9th century C.E.
Which of the following was a direct result of the cultural interactions in East Africa by 1300 C.E.?
The people of East Africa began to use Turkic languages to better facilitate trade with regions to their north.
East Africans embraced the Arabic language just as they embraced Islam but later abandoned it for Portuguese.
Swahili developed which blended Arabic and Bantu languages and allowed for better trade relations.
The development of the Urdu language led to a new connection with India which fostered further trade.
Each of the following conclusions regarding Japanese Buddhism are suggested by this image EXCEPT
Some Japanese Buddhist movements revered a great number of divinities.
Some Buddhist temples were designed to replicate this maṇḍala.
Geometry was an important aspect of Japanese Buddhist art.
Some figures in this image possess greater religious importance than others.
The mandala MOST likely contains deities that represent the seven days of the week and the twelve zodiac signs because
the Japanese were heavily interested in astronomical concepts during the ninth century CE.
rulers demanded that Buddhist implements remain scientifically accurate.
Buddhism served as a vehicle for the transmission of Western concepts to Asia.
Japanese Buddhists developed concepts that were nearly identical to their Western counterparts
Which of the following conclusions about the period 600 C.E. to 1450 C.E. is most directly supported by the passage
There was an increase in state-sponsored commercial infrastructures in East Asia.
States in both Europe and East Asia were regulating their commercial infrastructures similarly .
Merchant-led trade in an unregulated economy was preferable to state control.
Paper money was considered inferior to coinage and precious metals or stones.
A historian researching the economic history of Eurasia in the period circa 600-1450 C.E. would most likely find this writing useful as a source of information about which of the following?
The geographic limits of cultural diffusion along Eurasian trade networks.
The extent to which state economic policies during the given period in East Asia represented a continuity with state economic policies of Classical Europe.
The comparative nature of Afro-Eurasian and pre-Columbian American economies from the same period.
The impact that improvements in technology and commercial practices had on Eurasian trade networks.
Which of the following was a direct result of camel use in North Africa?
Widespread camel domestication led to increasing desertification in the region north of the Sahara.
Camels facilitated trade across the harsh terrain, allowing large caravans to traverse the flourishing new trade routes.
Horses were no longer needed for trade north of the Sahara.
Camels carried new diseases to North Africa and the Sahara, leading to the eradication of indigenous species.
Which of the following conclusions BEST describes the importance of pastoral groups in North Africa?
Pastoral groups threatened sedentary societies, which made those societies stronger due to the development of military technology.
Pastoralists’ domesticated animals destroyed environments during their travels, which led to migrations by previously settled groups.
Pastoralism led to the subjugation of settled societies due to pastoral societies’ superior weaponry.
Pastoralists served as agents in the transfer of technologies and knowledge through trade.
Which of the following BEST summarizes the Byzantine approach to government?
It differed radically from that of earlier empires.
The emperor embodied Christ's power on earth.
Bureaucrats wielded great power over a weak emperor.
Imperial rituals were kept simple in honor of Jesus' humility
Which of the following helped enhance the emperor's status as God's representative on earth?
Constructing Constantinople's mighty defensive walls.
Sponsoring popular festivals and chariot races.
Worship at the imperial church of St. Sophia.
Impressive receptions for foreign dignitaries at the imperial palace.
Iconoclasm, the movement to stop the use of images of Jesus and the saints in Byzantine religious art, is MOST comparable to
belief in an unseen Great Spirit by native Americans.
the ban on depicting the prophet Muhammad in Islamic art.
the tradition of household gods in Hinduism.
the absence of a personal God in Buddhism and Confucianism.
Which of the following comparisons between feudalism in Europe and Japan is MOST closely related to gender roles?
Both were highly militaristic, based in large part on feudal loyalties and rivalries between aristocratic lords.
Western feudalism emphasized contractual ideas more strongly than did the Japanese.
Japanese feudalism developed later and tended to be more centralized than in Europe.
European chivalry emphasized a code of conduct, while Japanese bushido emphasized a code of honor.
Which of the following conclusions is BEST supported by the passage above?
The city of Venice served as a tributary state to the Byzantine Empire.
The increasing power of Venice coincided with the declining power of Byzantium.
The right to trade in Constantinople was not as valuable in 1082 as it had been earlier in the postclassical period.
The Byzantine empire was the most powerful naval force in the Mediterranean basin.
Based on this source and your knowledge of world history, how did Mongolian women compare to Chinese women during the 13th and 14th centuries?
Chinese women held respected positions within the scholar gentry, but the Mongols forbade that practice during the Yuan dynasty.
Mongolian women enjoyed a more respected and independent place within society than Chinese women, who were confined by the traditional values of Confucianism.
The Mongols had several women serve as sole rulers of the Mongolian Empire, while the Chinese never had an autonomous empress.
Unlike Chinese women, Mongolian women were not beholden to their husbands and had the legal right to divorce him and use for his property.
Silk was an excellent trade good for the overland route between China and the Middle East for which of the following reasons?
Silk production was unique to China and so the demand for silk was very high elsewhere.
Chinese merchants received state subsidies to transport silk, which made it profitable.
Silk was a traditional fabric used in Sufi rituals, increasing its demand in the Middle East.
Silk stood up to the rigors of the Silk Roads camel caravans.
Which of the following Islamic traditions encouraged the development of Timbuktu?
the hajj, the annual pilgrimage to Mecca
Zakat, the tradition of giving alms to the poor
The shahadah, or profession of faith
Salat, praying five times a day facing Mecca
The silk industry in China and the woolen industry in Europe were similar in the Medieval era for which of the following reasons?
Much of the production in each region was intended for regional consumption.
The collection of raw materials and the production of finished products occurred within one centralized location in both China and Europe.
Both Chinese silkworm farmers and European shepherds received special government protections in the form of tax breaks.
Both finished silk and wool fabrics
Which of the following BEST explains the drastic decline of Timbuktu and Mali after 1500?
The colonization of Africa
The rise of the Ottoman Turks
The rise of Europe and the West
The Black Death
We never tire of looking at each other - Only the mountain and I.
What does the popularity of poems like the one above by Li Bo and those of his friend and fellow poet Du Fu reveal about Tang Dynasty China?
Which of the following would be the most accurate title for the map?
"The expansion of Islam, 632–733 C.E."
"Turkish empires and their neighbors, ca. 1210 C.E."
"Tamerlane's empire and tributary states, ca. 1405 C.E."
"The Mongol empires, ca. 1300 C.E."
The activities in the image are best understood in the context of which of the following?
The geographic limitations of rural European societies
The diffusion of technological innovations across Eurasia
The decline of agricultural production in early medieval Europe
The exchange of cultural traditions within western Europe
Compared to Chinese family structures and gender roles in the period 600 -1450 CE, West Africa family structures and gender roles were
similar, leading to the complete subordination of West Africa women to men
unique, permitting women to have completely equal social status to men.
alike, leading to body modification rituals confining women to the home.
different, affording women a wider degree of freedoms in the home and in society
Which of the following describes the exchange of goods that occurred along Eurasian and African trade routes during the classical period?
Silk and porcelain from China; horses and tapestries from India; pearls and paper from the Mediterranean and Middle East; and cinnamon and carpets from Africa.
Silk and porcelain from China; cotton textiles and pepper from India; woolens and glass from the Mediterranean and Middle East; and ivory and gold from Africa.
Silk and porcelain from China: rhubarb and lacquer wares from India; pearls and spices from the Mediterranean and Middle East; and ivory and slaves from Africa.
Based on the information shown on the map, it can be inferred that
the Bantu were able to dominate most African societies throughout most of sub-Sahara Africa.
the Bantu began their migration to acquire new sites of iron mining and production.
the Bantu never established any permanent communities until they reached the Orange River in south Africa.
the Bantu were a nomadic hunter-gatherer society.
In China, commercial transactions are carried out with the aid of copper coins. . . . These copper coins serve as the money of the land. The Chinese have gold, silver, fine pearls, fancy silk textiles, raw silk, and all this in large quantities, but they are considered commodities, and only copper coins serve as money. . . . The Chinese conduct commercial transactions and business affairs with equity. When someone lends money to another person, he writes up a note documenting the loan. The borrower writes up another note on which he affixes an imprint of his index finger and middle finger together. Then they put the two notes together, roll them up, and write a formula at the point where one touches the other. . . . Next, they separate the notes and entrust to the lender the one on which the borrower recognizes his debt.
—From Gabriel Ferrand’s trans., Voyage du marchand arabe Sulayman en Inde et en Chine. Paris, 1922
The interactions in the excerpt are best understood in the context of which of the following developments in ninth century China?
Growing interregional trade and specialization
Decreases in agricultural production
Falling demand in foreign markets for Chinese goods
Government regulation of manufacturing industries
The building of the earthen mounds at Cahokia best illustrates the development of which of the following?
Militaristic, warlike society
A society based on religious rituals and ceremonies
A dependency on a hunter-gatherer lifestyle
Labor and social class divisions
Norse explorations as depicted in the image were least likely the result of which of the following?
Military ventures based on religious convictions
Migrations seeking new territories for settlement
Searches for access to existing trade networks
Raids for wealth and plundering
Justice is the set and constant purpose which gives to every man his due. Jurisprudence is the knowledge of things divine and human, the science of the just and the unjust. . . . The precepts of the law are these: to live honestly, to injure no one, and to give every man his due. The study of law consists of two branches, law public and law private. The former relates to the welfare of the Roman State; the latter to the advantage of the individual citizen. Of private law then we may say that it is of threefold origin, being collected from the precepts of nature, from those of the law of nations, or from those of the civil law of Rome.
—“ The Institutes: Sources of Laws” From B. Moyle’s The Institutes of Justinian
The Justinian Code, as depicted in the excerpt, best represents the emperor’s attempt to
legitimize and sanctify his imperial rule.
maintain continuity with the Roman empire.
reestablish Roman authority in the Mediterranean basin.
combat the growing threat of Islamic influence.
Pope Urban II’s call for a Crusade, given at Clermont (1095).
From the confines of Jerusalem and from the city of Constantinople a grievous report has gone forth and has repeatedly been brought to our ears; namely, that a race from the kingdom of the Persians, an accursed race, a race wholly alienated from God, ‘a generation that set not their heart aright and whose spirit was not steadfast with God,’ violently invaded the lands of those Christians and has depopulated them by pillage and fire. They have led away a part of the captives into their own country, and a part have they have killed by cruel tortures. They have either destroyed the churches of God or appropriated them for the rites of their own religion. They destroy the altars, after having defiled them with their uncleanness. . . . The kingdom of the Greeks is now dismembered by them and has been deprived of territory so vast in extent that it could be traversed in two months’ time. On whom, therefore, is the labor of avenging these wrongs and of recovering this territory incumbent, if not upon you, you upon whom, above all other nations, God has conferred remarkable glory in arms, great courage, bodily activity, and strength to humble the heads of those who resist you? Let the deeds of your ancestors encourage you and incite your minds to manly achievements.
—From J.H. Robinson’s Readings in European History. Boston: Ginn & Company, 1904.
Which of the following best represents the principle objective of Pope Urban’s call to crusade?
Colonization of all Muslim lands
Access to the wealth of the eastern hemisphere
Promotion of papal secular powers in world politics
Establishment of a Christian presence in the eastern Mediterranean
The activities in the image are best understood in the context of which of the following?
The diffusion of technological innovations across Eurasia
The geographic limitations of rural European societies
The decline of agricultural production in early medieval Europe
The exchange of cultural traditions within western Europe
a Spanish explorer’s description of the Incas in the 1500s.
As this kingdom was so vast, in each of the many provinces there were many storehouses filled with supplies and other needful things; thus, in times of war, wherever the armies went they drew upon the contents of these storehouses, without ever touching the supplies of their confederates or laying a finger on what they had in their settlements. . . . Then the storehouses were filled up once more with the tributes paid the Inca. If there came a lean year, the storehouses were opened and the provinces were lent what they needed in way of supplies; then, in a year of abundance, they paid back all they had received. No one who was lazy or tried to live by the work of others was tolerated; everyone had to work. Thus on certain days each lord went to his lands and took the plow in hand and cultivated the earth, and did other things. Even the Inca [rulers] themselves did this to set an example. And under their system there was none such [laziness] in all the kingdom, for, if he had his health, he worked and lacked for nothing; and if he was ill, he received what he needed from the storehouses.
—From Pedro Cieza de Léon’s The Second Part of the Chronicle of Peru, translated by Clements R. Markham. London: Hakluyt Society. 1883.
One direct short-term result of the development of the later Spanish mita system was
the assimilation of indigenous peoples and loss of their heritage.
rebellions and resistance among indigenous populations.
the emergence of a land management system similar to serfdom.
increased importation of African slaves for labor.
This migration into the central Pacific Ocean was one of the most remarkable achievements of human history. It took over a thousand years to complete and involved finding and fixing in mind the positions of dozens of islands (some just small coral rings on which the highest landmarks are coconut trees) scattered over 10 million square miles of water. By the time European explorers entered the Pacific in the 15th century almost all of the habitable islands had been settled for hundreds of years and oral traditions told of explorations, migrations, and travels across this immense watery world.
—Teuira Henry. Dennis Kawaharada, ed. Voyaging Chiefs of Havai’i. Honolulu: Kalamaku Press, 1995.
The migrations described in the excerpt are best understood in the context of which of the following?
Establishment of trading relationships
Expeditions of a military nature
Searches for sustainable food sources
Travels for religious and ceremonial purposes
