A political system in which nobles are granted the use of lands that legally belong to a king in return for loyalty and military service

Belief in many gods

A city that functions like an independent country

Reeds grown in the Nile Delta, used as paper

When previously independent territories are brought under control of one ruler

Seasonal winds that dominate India's climate

Broad, marshy triangular area of land formed by deposits of silt at the mouuth of a river

A type of government in which rule is based on religious authority

The way of life of a group of people

A yellowis silt-like fertile soil found in the bed of the Yellow River

Spreading of cultural traits from one place to another

Used by Chinese to ask questions of the gods

Proccess of embalming and drying out bodies in order to prevent decaying

In Buddhism, a state of perfect wisdom

Epic poem of India that reflects the struggles of the Aryans as they moved south into India

First five books of the Hebrew Bible

Mutual promise between God and Abraham

An individual soul or spirit is born again and again until moksha is achieved

Movements of people from one region to another

Sacred literature of the Aryans

Buddhist word for the soul's release from selfishness and pain

Peace money paid by a weaker power to a stronger one

belief in a single god

Good or bad deeds that follow a soul from one reincarnation to another

Different levels of the Aryan class system

Religion founded by Mahavira, believe that everything has a soul

Priests who made up the highest level of the Indian caste system

Dry grasslands

United Hebrew kingdom under Saul, David, and Solomon

Body of water between Greece and Anatolia

Founder of Buddhism, know as "Buddha", or "enlightened one"

One group of Indo-Europeans who occupied Asia Minor

Who God chose as "father" of the Hebrew people

Most powerful sea traders along the Mediterranean

Minoan capital city

The man who led the Hebrews out of slavery

Legendary Minoan king

Large peninsula known as Asia Minor, modern day Turkey

Indo-European tribe from the east of the Caspian Sea who migrated into the Indus River Valley

A region at the eastern end of the Mediterranean Sea where the Phoenicians lived

The Southern Kingdom, after Israel divided

Nomadic peoples who migrated from southern Russia to the Indian subcontinent, Europe, and southwest Asia

Lived on Crete, dominated trade in the Mediterranean from c. 2000-1400 B.C.

The ancient home of the Hebrews

Chaldean king who restored Babylon

Assyrian king who conquered many lands and burned Babylon

Hatshepsut's stepson, expanded Egyptian empire

King who succeedeed Cambyses

Persian king who rose to power c. 550 B.C.

Kushite king who conquered Libyan pharaohs

Female pharaoh, 1472 B.C.

Emperor of the Qin Dynasty who unified China

Persian prophet

Assyrian king who founded world's first great library

Son of Cyrus, expanded Persian empire by conquering Egypt

Powerful pharaoh, ruled 1290-1224 B.C.

Assyria's capital city

Local governors appointed by Dariusto overuse provinces

Asiatic invaders who conquered Egypt 1640-1570 B.C.

Two powers that represented the natural rythyms of life

A government that has unlimited power and uses it in an arbitrary manner

Nubian kingdom to the south of Egypt

Region of Africa that straddled the Upper Nile region

A trained civil service, or those who run the government

Large empire, began to emerge in 850 B.C.

Where the Kushites fled after Assyrian conquest of Egypt, southeast of Egypt

Replaced Zhou Dynasty

Connected Susa (in Persia) with Sardis (in Anatolia)

Pharaohs of which created Egyptian empire, ruled 1570-1075 B.C.

Combined army of which overthrew the Assyrians

Bridge-like structures that brought water to Roman cities

Roman leader in charge of military and government, serving two at a time for one year terms

Massive stadium at which gladiator games were held

Government in which people choose leaders to represent them

Outlined the basic beliefs of Christianity

Wealthy, land-owning Romans

300-member law-making body

Representatives in the Plebian assembly

A ruler with absolute authority, chosen to lead for six months during a time of crisis

Made Christianity an approved religion of the empire. Ended the persecution of Christians

Common Romans, generally poor and made up the majority of the population

Carthaginian general during the 2nd Punic War

Conquered Constantinople in 1453

First emporer to adopt Christianity, moved capital to Byzantium

Split empire into Greek-splitting east and Latin-speaking west

Groups of people that settled in the Italian peninsula between 1000-500 B.C.

United the Huns in 444

Roman General in the 2nd Punic War

Along with Julius Caesar, made up the first triumvirate

Bishop of Hippo in north Africa, wrote City Of God

Last emperor of the Pax Romana, 161-180

Along with Lepidus, made up the second triumvirate

The first caliph after the death of Muhammad

Follower of Islam

Holy book of Islam

Islamic house of worship

Successor, or deputy, in Islam. Name given to Muslim leaders

Muslim philosopher who blended Aristotle and Plato's views with Islam

Pilgrimage to Mecca

A holy war, armed conflict against unbelievers

Moved capital to Damascus (from Mecca)

System of laws that regulates all aspects of Muslim life

Muhammad's son-in-law, who some felt should have succeeded him after his death

Seljuk king whose death led to disintegration of the empire

Became Byzantine Emperor in 527

Developed alphabet to minister to the Slavs

Captured Constantinople in 1453

Wife of Justinian

First major Russian city

Group of people who lived in forests north of the Black Sea

Challenged Mongol rule, became first czar

City founded near Volga, Dnieper, and Don rivers in the 1100's

Marched on Baghdad in 1258 (Genghis Khan's grandson)

Conquered Baghdad in 1055

General that recovered Byzantine lands in 533

Pope who excommunicated Henry IV

Established Holy Roman Empire

Crowned emperor in 800

Pope who crowned Charlemagne emporer

Defeated the Muslims at the Battle of Tours

United Franks into one kingdom in 511

Advocated the Pope bow to the Emporer in political matters and the Emporer bow to the Pope in religious matters

First King of the Carolingian Dynasty

Pope who first made the church a secular power

Land granted in exchange for loyalty and/or protection

Noble who was granted land in exchange for loyalty

The first stage of a knight's training

A knight's promise to defend his heavenly Lord, earthly lord, and chosen lady

Traveling poets/musicians

Mounted horseman who received land in exchange for protection

Landowner in the manor system

Servant to a knight

Peasants bound to the land they worked