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Semester 2 Midterm AP Psych -Units 9, 10, 11

Total questions: 119

Worksheet time: 2hrs 59mins

Name
Class
Date
1.

A newborn infant has certain automatic movement patterns called

a)

Instincts

b)

Reflexes

c)

Formal Operations

d)

Schemas

2.

This is referred to as the conceptual framework used to make sense of the world

a)

Schema

b)

Conservation

c)

Assimilation

d)

Evolution

3.

Jean Piaget coined which of the following theories?

a)

Moral Development

b)

Cognitive Development

c)

Psycho-social Development

d)

Physical Development

4.

Which of the following is NOT a stage in Cognitive Development?

a)

Trust v. Mistrust

b)

Sensorimotor

c)

Concrete

d)

Formal

5.

Baby Sue loves listening to the music from her crib's mobile while she falls asleep at night. Which stage of cognitive development is Baby Sue in?

a)

Formal

b)

Concrete

c)

Sensorimotor

d)

Preoperational

6.

Arby's is two miles from Collin's high school. Collin understands that if he wants to be back at school for baseball practice at 3:30, he has roughly 10 minutes to drive to and from Arby's. Which stage of Cognitive Development is Collin in?

a)

Concrete

b)

Formal

c)

Preoperational

d)

Sensorimotor

7.

Which development theory did Erik Erikson coin?

a)

Moral

b)

Social

c)

Environmental

d)

Physical

8.

Yolanda just graduated from college and has decided to pursue a relationship with her boyfriend. She fears he may not be interested in her anymore because they have different goals established for their lives. What stage of social development is Yolanda and her boyfriend in?

a)

Autonomy v. Shame and Doubt

b)

Identity v. Role Confusion

c)

Intimacy v. Isolation

d)

None of the above

9.

In third grade, Wendy had the BEST teacher ever! Her teacher established her as a star student in which she was able to be line leader! Wow! Wendy felt like she was able to accomplish anything at hand because her teacher was such a strong supporter. What stage of social development did Wendy accomplish?

a)

Industry v. Inferiority

b)

Generativity v. Stagnation

c)

Ego v. Despair

d)

Autonomy v. Shame and Doubt

10.

Lawrence Kohlberg is a ______________ psychologist who created the ____________ development theory.

a)

child; cognitive

b)

cognitive; moral

c)

bad; good

d)

clinical; social

11.
Stranger Situation, studied attachments
a)
Ainsworth
b)
Harlow 
c)
Freud
12.
 raised monkeys with either a wire mesh “mother” or a wire mesh mother covered with a furry carpet
a)
Piaget
b)
Harlow
c)
Siligman
13.
human development is gradual
a)
Stability and changes
b)
continuity & stages
14.
A nine-year-old girl first learning about her capabilities on the playground and in the classroom would be in which of Erikson's stages of development?
a)
competence v. inferiority
b)
identity v. confusion
c)
autonomy v. shame
d)
integrity v. despair
15.
A normally functioning 65-year-old who cannot solve abstract logic puzzles as quickly as he did when he was younger is experiencing a
a)
phenomenon that is uncommon for people of his age
b)
phenomenon predicted by Erik Erikson as part of the eight stages of psycho-social development
c)
decrease in his crystallized intelligence
d)
decrease in his fluid intelligence
16.
Gender typing is best described as
a)
the realization that gender is stable, regardless of superficial behaviors such as dress
b)
a preferential interest of a female child in the attention of the mother
c)
the acquisition of the roles associated with distinctions between male and female
d)
adolescents integrating social, sexual, intellectual, and ethical aspects into a self-identity
17.
During the preoperational stage...
a)
children begin to use logic
b)
focuses on motor skills
c)
the adolescent gains ability to formulate complicated verbal arguments
d)
intense language learning takes place
18.
If Jeremy begs for a new electronic gadget, his parents nearly always buy it for him. What type of family is this?
a)
Permissive
b)
Democratic
c)
Authoritarian
d)
Submissive
19.
This style of parenting calls for imposing rules and demanding obedience without debate or discussion between parent and child.
a)
Permissive
b)
Neglectful
c)
Authoritative
d)
Authoritarian
20.
The natural physical development that occurs automatically and in a sequential manner as a result of genetics is . . .
a)
Childhood
b)
Maturation
c)
Puberty
d)
Aging
21.
When the baby's cheek is stroked they turn towards the side it was stroked and begins making sucking motions
a)
rooting reflex
b)
sucking reflex
c)
grasp reflex
d)
Babinski reflex
22.
Jane, a preschooler, insists on dressing herself each morning for school, even though she generally selects mismatching outfits, misses buttons, and wears her shoes on the wrong feet. When her mother tries to dress Jane or fix her outfit, Jane brushes her mother off and insists on doing it herself. What stage of psychosocial development best describes Jane’s behavior?
a)
Trust vs. Mistrust 
b)
Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt
c)
Intiative vs. GUilt 
d)
Industry vs. Inferiority 
23.
According to Erikson, what is the major conflict faced during adolescence?
a)
Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt
b)
Intimacy vs. Isolation
c)
Identity vs. Role Confusion
d)
Generativity vs. Stagnation 
24.
A 38-year-old woman quits her high-paying marketing job to focus on her children and become a school counselor. What stage would Erikson consider this to be:
a)
Idenitity vs. Role Confusion 
b)
Generativity vs. Stagnation
c)
Ego Integrity vs. Despair
d)
Industry vs. Inferiority
25.
Mom secretly dabs some lipstick on the nose of her 2 year old and allows him to see himself in the mirror.  the boy will most likely
a)
touch his own nose
b)
touch the mirror at the point where the lipstick shows
c)
wave at the mirror as if it were another child
26.
If research suggested that a pregnant mother's use of an artificial sweetener caused harm to the fetus, the artificial sweetener would be considered a(n):
a)
FAS
b)
form of DNA
c)
depressant
d)
teratogen
27.

Dr. Schulte wants to investigate if aggressive behavior in children is increased if they view violent videos.  In this instance, the dependent variable is


a)


violent videos


b)


aggressive behavior


c)


a placebo


d)


the control condition


28.
Piaget's term for a framework of basic ideas about people, objects, and events based on past experience; building blocks of knowledge
a)
Accommodation
b)
Assimilation
c)
Schema
29.
Which psychologist was most influential in shaping our understanding of cognitive development?
a)
Piaget
b)
Freud
c)
Kohlberg
d)
Erikson
30.
Harry Harlow’s experiments with rhesus monkeys suggest which of the following as most important for infants when establishing an attachment to their mothers?
a)
The amount of time spent with the mother
b)
The mother’s ability to provide nourishment to the infant
c)
The tactile characteristics of the mother
31.

Which is the correct order of development?

a)

baby, zygote, fetus, embryo

b)

zygote, baby, embryo, fetus

c)

zygote, embryo, fetus, baby

d)

zygote, fetus, embryo, baby

32.

Which of the following are NOT teratogens?

a)

viruses

b)

alcohol

c)

food

d)

drugs

33.

Which of the following are NOT major issues developmental psychologists focus on?

a)

nature vs. nurture

b)

individualism vs. collectivism

c)

continuity and stages

d)

stablililty and change

34.
According to Vygotsky language is important in development because:
a)
It is the main means by which adults transmit info to children.
b)
It is a powerful tool of intellectual adaptation.
c)
It is an accelerator to thinking and understanding.
d)
All of the above.
35.
Elderly people look back on their life. If they are happy with their choices, they live with integrity. If not, they are unhappy.
a)
Intimacy vs. Isolation
b)
Integrity vs. Despair
c)
Identity vs. Role Confusion
d)
Initiative vs. Guilt
36.
Children learn new skills and try to become their own people. If they’re supported, they can carry themselves with pride. If not, they can doubt themselves and believe they can’t do anything.
a)
Industry vs. Inferiority
b)
Trust vs. Mistrust
c)
Generativity vs. Stagnation
d)
Autonomy vs. Shame
37.

How many levels of moral development are there in each stage? (Kohlberg)

a)

2

b)

4

c)

6

d)

8

38.
Attachment style when a child shows distress when the caregiver is gone and welcomes her back
a)
Avoidant
b)
Disorganized
c)
Resistant
d)
Secure
39.
Hannah, a two-year old, has learned that every time she gets up from a nap, she has a snack, gets her diaper changed, and then plays with her mom. This mental framework or picture of the world is one of Hannah's
a)
schemas
b)
attachments
c)
temperaments
d)
zygotes
40.
The natural response when an object is placed in a baby's hand is the
a)
Startle reflex
b)
Grasping reflex
c)
Rooting reflex
d)
Sucking reflex
41.
What is the #1 most dangerous teratogen?
a)
Alcohol
b)
Meth
c)
HIV
d)
Genital Warts
42.
Parents attempt to control, shape, and evaluate the behavior and attitudes of children and adolescents in accordance with a set code of conduct 
a)
Authoritarian
b)
Authoritative 
c)
Democratic
d)
Permissive
43.
People who score high in ____ are characterized as anxious, hostile, self-conscious, insecure, and vulnerable.
a)
neuroticism
b)
extraversion
c)
conscientiousness
d)
openness to experience
44.
People who score high in ____ tend to be sympathetic, trusting, cooperative, and modest.
a)
neuroticism
b)
extraversion
c)
conscientiousness
d)
agreeableness
45.
Jose is one of the top baseball players in his league, but last week, he struck out on an easy pitch. When this happened, he smashed the water cooler in the dugout with his bat. According to Freud, Jose may be using the defense mechanism of
a)
projection
b)
reaction formation
c)
regression
d)
displacement
46.
Charles has an anger problem, so he joins athletics so he can have a positive outlet for his anger.
a)
regression
b)
sublimation
c)
rationalization
d)
compensation
47.
Acting in exactly the opposite way to one’s unacceptable impulses
a)
Sublimation
b)
Projection
c)
Reaction Formation
d)
Rationalization
48.

Reverting back to immature behavior from an earlier stage of development

a)

Repression

b)

Regression

c)

Projection

d)

Displacement

49.
Soldiers exposed to traumatic experiences in concentration camps during wartime sometimes had amnesia and were unable to recall any part of their ordeal.
a)
Regression
b)
Rationalization
c)
Intellectualization
d)
Repression
50.
Mike is always trying to impress his pals with how strong and independent he has become. However, when Mike has social or emotional problems, he still wants his dad to figure out the solution.
a)
Rationalization
b)
Sublimation
c)
Regression
d)
Repression
51.
A student forgot that his dreaded final exam in geometry was scheduled for Friday. This seemed unusual as the date of the exam had been marked on his calendar for several weeks.
a)
Regression
b)
Sublimation
c)
Reaction Formation
d)
Repression
52.
Lucas really hates his girlfriend's ex-boyfriend, but when he sees him at the basketball court he pretends they are bros. 
a)
reaction formation
b)
denial
c)
displacement
d)
projection
53.
Attributing one’s own unacceptable feelings and thoughts to others and not yourself
a)
sublimation
b)
projection
c)
rationalization
d)
reaction formation
54.

Mrs. Brown often accuses other women of talking too much and spreading rumors. It is rather obvious to those who know her that she is revealing her own inclinations in that area.

a)

regression

b)

repression

c)

projection

d)

rationalization

55.

Mrs. James can’t understand why her husband has been so grumpy and irritable for the past week. It certainly isn’t her fault that he didn’t receive the anticipated promotion at the factory. What defense mechanism is her husband using?

a)

Projection

b)

Denial

c)

Displacement

d)

Rationalization

56.

Figures such as ink-blot tests are used in which kind of test?

a)

Verbal intelligence

b)

Nonverbal intelligence

c)

Self-report personality

d)

Projective personality

e)

Cognitive reasoning

57.

Which of the following assessment tools explores individuals' personalities by asking them to examine a series of inkblots and describe what they see?

a)

Thematic apperception

b)

Rorschach

c)

MMPI

d)

Halstead-reitan battery

e)

Bender-Gestalt II

58.

A psychotherapist instructs Bernie to relax, close his eyes, and state out loud whatever thoughts came to mind no matter how trivial or absurd. The therapist is using a technique known as

a)

Fixation

b)

Free association

c)

Factor analysis

d)

Hypnosis

e)

Projection

59.

Tests that present ambiguous stimuli designed to uncover hidden personality dynamics are called ____ tests.

a)

empirical

b)

projective

c)

multiphasic personality

d)

factor analysis

e)

aptitude

60.
The ____ is the force of the mind that makes a person have urges or desires that need be fulfilled.
a)
id
b)
superego
c)
ego
d)
superid
61.
The id
a)
a developmental period that leaves its mark on adult personality
b)
the moral component of personality
c)
the decision-making component of personality
d)
the primitive, animalistic component of personality
62.

Not stealing a candybar because it is morally wrong is a product of the?

a)

Ide

b)

Supergo

c)

Ego

d)

Subconscience

63.
The patterns of feelings, motives, and behavior that set people apart from one another.
a)
Trait
b)
Ego
c)
Personality
d)
Id
64.

Neo-Freudian. Believed navigating social interactions as a child are important in personality development. Identified concept of INFERIORITY COMPLEX.

a)

Albert Bandura

b)

Alfred Adler

65.
Which neo-Freudian theorist emphasized the influence of the collective unconscious in personality development?
a)
Adler
b)
Rogers
c)
Jung
d)
Erickson
66.
Each of the three factors Bandura believes influence personality affect the other two in a give-and-take relationship. This relationship is called _____.
a)
Reciprocal Determinism
b)
Temperament
c)
Self-Efficacy
d)
Locus of Control
67.
This is a person’s expectancy of how effective his or her efforts to accomplish a goal will be in any particular circumstance.
a)
Self-Efficacy
b)
Reciprocal Determinism
c)
Temperament
d)
Locus of Control
68.
Proposed a hierarchy of needs that suggests a strive toward self-actualization when other needs are met.
a)
Alfred Kinsey
b)
Masters & Johnson
c)
Abraham Maslow
d)
Paul Ekman
69.

The tendency to accept favorable descriptions of one's personality that could really be applied to almost anyone is known as

a)

the halo effect

b)

the Barnum effect

c)

projection

d)

unconditional positive regard

70.

Carl Rogers referred to an attitude of total acceptance toward another person as

a)

the spotlight effect

b)

unconditional positive regard

c)

self-actualization

d)

free association

71.

Mr. Dutoit was asked by his psychotherapist to look at some ambiguous pictures and make up a story about each. Mr. Dutoit was most likely taking the:

a)

Thematic Appreception Test (TAT)

b)

Myers-Briggs Type Indicator

c)

MMPI2

d)

Rorschach test

72.

Nate is constantly trying to hide his bad breath. When he encounters someone else whom he thinks might have bad breath, he is very quick to point it out. Which defence mechanism is Nate using?

a)

Projection

b)

Reaction-Formation

c)

Regression

d)

Sublimation

73.
According to Freud, the part of the psyche that prevents a person from stealing is the
a)
Ego
b)
Superego
c)
Id
d)
Collective Unconscious
74.
The interacting influences between personality and environmental factors
a)
Self-serving Bias
b)
Self actualization
c)
Reciprocal Determinism
75.
Overestimating other's noticing and evaluating our appearance, performance, and blunders
a)
superego
b)
Spotlight Effect
c)
Barnum Effect
d)
individualism
76.

Believed that culture is the driver in the formation of personality, not anatomy; and, emphasized a child’s need for love and security

a)

Karen Horney

b)

Alfred Adler

c)

Karl Jung

d)

Sigmund Freud

77.

Jennifer has aggressive tendencies and, feeling guilty about her propensity for violence, has decided to pursue a career as an MMA fighter

a)

Denial

b)

Repression

c)

Rationalization

d)

Sublimation

78.

The “Big Five” personality characteristics are:

a)

Emotionality, extroversion, openness, neuroticism, and agreeableness

b)

Anxiety, extroversion, agreeableness, neuroticism, and sociability

c)

Outgoing, conscientiousness, extroversion, agreeableness, and

neuroticism

d)

Openness, conscientiousness, extroversion, agreeableness, and

neuroticism

e)

Extroversion, neuroticism, anxiety, agreeableness, and openness

79.

The trait theory of personality can best be defined as:

a)

The analysis of how much personality or behavioral traits are

influenced by genetics

b)

The analysis of the structure of personality by classifying similarities

and differences in personality characteristics

c)

A factor analysis that studies common personality characteristics

d)

The organization of personality traits using specific categories to

describe all characteristics

e)

Grouping individual behaviors based on interactions between

particular personality characteristics

80.
Self-concept is how you _____________ yourself. 
a)
view
b)
feel about
81.
The ____ is the force of the mind that makes a person have urges or desires that need be fulfilled.
a)
id
b)
superego
c)
ego
d)
superid
82.
Jason just sat down to work on his term paper when his friends called and invited him to a party. If Jason decides he will only go to the party after he finishes outlining the term paper, his decision reflects the functioning of his
a)
id
b)
superego
c)
ego
d)
preconscious
83.
22 year old Dan has an intelligence score of 63 and the academic skills of a 4th grader. He is unable to live independently.  Dan probably
a)
has an exceptional need/intellectual disability
b)
has savant syndrome
c)
will eventually achieve self supporting social and vocational skills
d)
is a divergent thinker
84.
Melvin has been diagnosed as having savant syndrome, which means
a)
he has an IQ of 120 or higher
b)
would score high on a test of analytical intelligence
c)
is limited in mental ability but has 1 exceptional ability
d)
was exposed to high levels of testosterone during prenatal development
85.
Jack takes the same test of mechanical reasoning on several different days and gets virtually identical scores.  This suggests that the test has
a)
high content validity
b)
high reliability
c)
high predictive validity
d)
been standardized
86.
Before becoming attorneys, law students must pass a special licensing exam, which is an _______ test.  before entering college, high school students must take the ACT, which is an ________test.
a)
achievement; aptitude
b)
aptitude; achievement
c)
achievement; achievement
d)
aptitude; aptitude
87.
Jo is taking a test in her sociology class and nothing on the test exemplifies the topics that were studied in the course.  This test lacks
a)
reliability
b)
content validity
c)
predictive validity
d)
standardization
88.
Lane is researching old tests and finds a revision of Binet's original test.  It was most likely
a)
The Chitling test
b)
Daniel Goleman's intelligence test
c)
The Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale
d)
The Stanford-Binet created by Lewis Terman
89.
The extent to which differences in intelligence among a group of people are attributable to genetic factors is known as the _____ of intelligence
a)
neural plasticity
b)
factor analysis
c)
predictive valididty
d)
heritability
90.
During a debate Linus argues that there is one general intelligence.  He uses ________ research to support his argument.
a)
L.L. Thurstone
b)
Robert Sternberg
c)
Howard Gardner
d)
Charles Spearman
91.
While on vacation you notice that your father is awesome at identifying the different flora & fauna & your mom excels at communicating & getting along w/ the locals
a)
Howard Gardner would argue this shows naturalistic & visual-spatial intelligence
b)
Robert Sternberg would argue this shows naturalistic & visual-spatial intelligence
c)
Charles Spearman would argue this demonstrates multiple intelligences
d)
Thurstone would disagree with more than one general intelligence
92.
Your friend Ashley is able to control her feelings in meetings even when she disagrees with her peers.  Ashley has high
a)
social intelligence
b)
creative intelligence
c)
emotional intelligence
d)
linguistic  intelligence
93.
What is the most commonly used intelligence test today that is made up of both verbal & nonverbal components?
a)
Stanford Binet
b)
Wechsler (WAIS)
c)
Sternberg Triarchtic Intelligence Test
d)
Golemans social/emotional intelligence test
94.
Paul takes a test in the army to see if he would make a good pilot. Such a test is
a)
a standardized test.
b)
an aptitude test.
c)
an intelligence test.
d)
an achievement test.
95.
If a test is reliable, it means that
a)
it is given in the same way every time.
b)
it tests what it is suppose to test.
c)
it is a fair assessment.
d)
it yields consistent results.
96.
The standardization sample is
a)
the group of people who take the test.
b)
a random sample o fthe test takers used to evaluate the performance of others.
c)
the people used to represent the population for whom the test was intended.
d)
all the people who might ever take the test.
97.
Which of the following is not one of Howard Gardner's multiple intelligences?
a)
practical
b)
musical
c)
interpersonal
d)
spatial
98.
Mrs. Cho is careful to make sure that she fairly represents the whole year's work on the final exam for her American literature class. If Mrs. Cho achieves this goal, her test will have
a)
test-retest reliability.
b)
construct validity.
c)
content validity.
d)
split-half reliability.
99.
Spearman argued that intelligence could be boiled down to one ability known as
a)
Spatial Intelligence
b)
Introverted Intelligence
c)
General Intelligence
d)
Extroverted Intelligence
100.
Which of the following would provide the strongest evidence for the idea that intelligence is highly heritable?
a)
The IQ scores of parents are positively correlated with the scores of their children
b)
Monozygotic twins separated at birth have extremely similar IQ scores
c)
Dizgotic twins score more similarly on IQ tests than do other sibilings
d)
Different ethnic groups have different average IQ scores
101.
All of the following people are known for their theories of intelligence except for
a)
Thurstone.
b)
Gardner.
c)
Sternberg.
d)
Flynn.
102.
The Flynn effect is the finding that
a)
intelligence seems to increase with every generation.
b)
television has decreased intellectual performance.
c)
linguistic skills decline with age.
d)
the more times people take a test, the better they tend to score.
103.
The alternative uses test (how many uses for a sock can you think of?) is a measure of 
a)
analytical intelligence
b)
practical intelligence
c)
creative intelligence
d)
linguistic intelligence
104.
An aptitude test attempts to measure
a)
potential for future learning
b)
how much a person already knows
c)
a person's genetic makeup
d)
kinesthetic intelligence
105.
When intelligence scores are graphed, they should create
a)
an increasing slope
b)
a normal bell curve
c)
an equilateral figure
d)
a negative correlation 
106.
Who developed the theory of multiple intelligences that included at least 8 different types?
a)
Binet
b)
Terman
c)
Gardner
d)
Wecshler
107.
Validity means that 
a)
a test measures what it is supposed to measure
b)
that a test has been tested on many subjects
c)
a test measures both aptitude and acheivement
d)
scores are the same no matter who grades the test
108.

The characteristics of savant syndrome have been used to support

a)

Gardner's argument for multiple intelligences.

b)

Thurstone's notion of social intelligence.

c)

Binet's intelligence quotient formula.

d)

Spearman's belief in intelligence as one general ability, or g factor.

109.

Fluid intelligence refers most directly to a person's

a)

ability to assume the perspective of others.

b)

ability to utilize diffuse brain regions for storing memories.

c)

accumulated knowledge.

d)

ability to reason speedily and abstractly.

110.

If a road test for a driver's license adequately samples the tasks a driver routinely faces, the test is said to

a)

have content validity.

b)

be reliable.

c)

have a normal distribution.

d)

have predictive validity.

111.

A test has a high degree of validity if it

a)

yields consistent results every time it is used.

b)

measures or predicts what it is supposed to measure or predict.

c)

assesses aptitude and achievement accurately.

d)

has been standardized on a representative sample of all those who are likely to take the test.

112.

Psychological tests show that 18-year-old Isaiah has an intelligence score of 65. Nevertheless, Isaiah can, with a few seconds of mental calculation, accurately tell the day of the week on which Christmas falls for any year in this century. It would be fair to conclude that

a)

Isaiah is a person with savant syndrome.

b)

the intelligence test Isaiah was given has no validity.

c)

intelligence tests are generally good measures of verbal but not of mathematical intelligence

113.

If a test is standardized, this means that

a)

it accurately measures what it is intended to measure.

b)

most test scores will cluster near the average.

c)

the test will yield consistent results when administered on different occasions.

d)

a person's test performance can be compared with that of a representative pretested group.

114.
What did Spearman mean by a "g" intelligence?
a)
intelligence is purely genetic
b)
"g" is a general intelligence that underlies many abilities
c)
"g" is the important speed factor in how long it takes to solve a problem
d)
girls' intelligence is valued above boys' intelligence
115.
Which of the following is NOT a part of Sternberg's intelligence theory?
a)
practical 
b)
analytic
c)
interpersonal
d)
creative
116.
Psychological tests must have two characteristics and they are:
a)
valid and reliable
b)
 correlation and validity
c)
reliability and  foundation
d)
reliability and correlation
117.
The ability to perceive, use, understand, and manage emotions is called? 
a)
Two-Factor Theory
b)
Emotional Intelligence 
c)
Multiple Intelligences  
d)
Weschler Intelligence 
118.
A test that is designed to show what you have already learned (Like the AP Psych Test, and most of your tests) is termed:
a)
Self Report
b)
Aptitude
c)
Achievement
d)
Observational
119.
The fact that identical twins' IQ scores are so close together (highly correlated) even when they are raised apart suggests
a)
intelligence is strongly genetic
b)
intelligence has a strong environmental component
c)
Identical twins attend better schools than fraternal twins
d)
Adopted parents have a positive effect on intelligence.