Political leaders can play a pivotal role in pushing for new approaches and solutions to global problems.

A) The SDGs aim to eliminate extreme poverty and hunger, reduce inequalities within and between countries, and ensure a sustainable future for our planet.

B) Who in early 2001 could have guessed that Bush who would later lead the US into a devastating war in Iraq “would become a hero in the global fight against AIDS and malaria?

C) The Bush administration ultimately allocated much more to foreign-aid budgets than Bill Clinton did during his two presidential terms.

D) The lesson should be applied to the next frontier of global challenges, In 2015, all countries agreed to a new set of ambitious Sustainable Development Goals, to be achieved by 2030.

6) Many people consider these objectives to be too ambitious, given the daunting problems in the world today, But achieving these goals is essential for improving living standards everywhere.

Give the meaning of the idioms

Tina's chocolate habit was getting out of hand, so she decided to go cold turkey.

Sania was ready to go for her interview, but losing her blazer threw a spanner in the works.

Find out the error in the given sentences.

A new collaboration between the very large array observatory (A); in New Mexico and the privately finished Seti Institute in California (B); could mean that our curiosity about aliens is closer than ever before to being satisfies.(C)

No error (D)

British politicians' ingrained unwillingness to treat skills training as seriously as universities and schools (A); have historically been a cause of social injustice as well as economic (B); under performance, and reflect badly on Nation as a whole (C); - particularly when compared with other European Nation. (D)

To deter MPs from rushing into the well of the house and put an end to the regular practice of disruption of

(A); proceedings over stipulated periods, a review panel set up by Rajya Sabha Chairman (B); has proposed some tough measures which included defaulting MPs getting suspended (C); automatically and also being barred from voting.(D)

Read the passage carefully and answer the following questions.

Time given for reading the passage is 2 minute 30 seconds.

The issue of bringing women into the armed forces has been contentious for some time, despite Nirmala Sitharaman batting strongly for equality for women, when she was defence minister. Last week, the Supreme Court heard arguments in a case for grant of equivalence in allowing posts of commanding officers to women in the armed forces. The government submitted an affidavit, laying out its justification for the alleged unsuitability of women officers to discharge this role: “Psychological limitations”, lower physical standards, domestic obligations and absence due to pregnancy. The government argued that the “composition of rank and file being male predominantly drawn from the rural background with prevailing societal norms, troops are not yet mentally schooled to accept women officers in command of units”. Stretching the argument even further to exclude women, it argued that “The non-linear battlefield has rendered the erstwhile rear areas as much vulnerable as battlefield. Therefore, the induction of women officers into the Indian Army, hithertofore a male bastion, needs to be viewed in the perspective of the changed battlefield environment”.

Q. What is the main reason that has been laid down to prevent women from higher posts in the armed forces?

The issue of bringing women into the armed forces has been contentious for some time, despite Nirmala Sitharaman batting strongly for equality for women, when she was defence minister. Last week, the Supreme Court heard arguments in a case for grant of equivalence in allowing posts of commanding officers to women in the armed forces. The government submitted an affidavit, laying out its justification for the alleged unsuitability of women officers to discharge this role: “Psychological limitations”, lower physical standards, domestic obligations and absence due to pregnancy. The government argued that the “composition of rank and file being male predominantly drawn from the rural background with prevailing societal norms, troops are not yet mentally schooled to accept women officers in command of units”. Stretching the argument even further to exclude women, it argued that “The non-linear battlefield has rendered the erstwhile rear areas as much vulnerable as battlefield. Therefore, the induction of women officers into the Indian Army, hithertofore a male bastion, needs to be viewed in the perspective of the changed battlefield environment”.

Q. What are major drawbacks faced by the women on regular basis in the armed forces?

The issue of bringing women into the armed forces has been contentious for some time, despite Nirmala Sitharaman batting strongly for equality for women, when she was defence minister. Last week, the Supreme Court heard arguments in a case for grant of equivalence in allowing posts of commanding officers to women in the armed forces. The government submitted an affidavit, laying out its justification for the alleged unsuitability of women officers to discharge this role: “Psychological limitations”, lower physical standards, domestic obligations and absence due to pregnancy. The government argued that the “composition of rank and file being male predominantly drawn from the rural background with prevailing societal norms, troops are not yet mentally schooled to accept women officers in command of units”. Stretching the argument even further to exclude women, it argued that “The non-linear battlefield has rendered the erstwhile rear areas as much vulnerable as battlefield. Therefore, the induction of women officers into the Indian Army, hithertofore a male bastion, needs to be viewed in the perspective of the changed battlefield environment”.

Q. What does the word Induction mean in the above passage?

Fill in the blanks with appropriate options.

Her rue feelings ---- themselves in her sarcastic asides, only then was her ---- revealed.

Sima looked very happy and ---- when she heard that her proposed scheme was ---- by the committee.

Those suffering from glaucoma find that their ---- vision is ---- and that they can no longer see objects directly in front of them.

Read the passage and answer the following questions.

Time given to read the passage is 1 minute 30 seconds and to answer the question is 30 seconds.

Research suggests that there are creatures that do not know what light means at the bottom of the sea. They do not have either eyes or ears :- they can only feel. There is no day or night for them. There are no winters, no summers, no sun, no moon and no stars. It is as if a child spent its life in darkness in bed, with nothing to see or hear. How different our own life is! Sight shows us the ground beneath our feet and the heavens above us- the sun, moon and stars, soothing stars, lighting and the sunset. It shows us day and night. We are able to hear voices, the sound of the sea and music. We feel, we taste, we smell. How fortunate we are!

Q. We discover from the passage that the sea creatures in the story

Research suggests that there are creatures that do not know what light means at the bottom of the sea. They do not have either eyes or ears :- they can only feel. There is no day or night for them. There are no winters, no summers, no sun, no moon and no stars. It is as if a child spent its life in darkness in bed, with nothing to see or hear. How different our own life is! Sight shows us the ground beneath our feet and the heavens above us- the sun, moon and stars, soothing stars, lighting and the sunset. It shows us day and night. We are able to hear voices, the sound of the sea and music. We feel, we taste, we smell. How fortunate we are!

Q. Judging from the passage we can say that this story is about

Research suggests that there are creatures that do not know what light means at the bottom of the sea. They do not have either eyes or ears :- they can only feel. There is no day or night for them. There are no winters, no summers, no sun, no moon and no stars. It is as if a child spent its life in darkness in bed, with nothing to see or hear. How different our own life is! Sight shows us the ground beneath our feet and the heavens above us- the sun, moon and stars, soothing stars, lighting and the sunset. It shows us day and night. We are able to hear voices, the sound of the sea and music. We feel, we taste, we smell. How fortunate we are!

Q. In the passage a child in darkness is likened to

Research suggests that there are creatures that do not know what light means at the bottom of the sea. They do not have either eyes or ears :- they can only feel. There is no day or night for them. There are no winters, no summers, no sun, no moon and no stars. It is as if a child spent its life in darkness in bed, with nothing to see or hear. How different our own life is! Sight shows us the ground beneath our feet and the heavens above us- the sun, moon and stars, soothing stars, lighting and the sunset. It shows us day and night. We are able to hear voices, the sound of the sea and music. We feel, we taste, we smell. How fortunate we are!

Q. What are human beings fortunate enough for?

Give the meaning of the underlined word

If folks know that the media are in cahoots with the cops, then surely they'll deliver a solid beating to anyone recording their nefarious deeds.

Juliet loves to hear herself talk all day long and she often pontificates on even the most trivial issues.

Most of the newspaper and magazines, now days urge students to focus on sports and studies, rather carousing activities.

Read the passage carefully and answer the following question.

The treadmill began to whir, and my heart sped up faster than the belt could go. Instead of pressing "select" on my remote control to escape into a TV show, I had just selected "Power Run." A sleek screen with a simple set of red lines showed me the terrain on which I was running. Those red lines looked like a pulse, and they got me to run farther and faster than I could ever run when I'm outside, worried about weather, cars, or other people. It may not have looked like I was going anywhere that night, but I had just broken out of a ten-year slump.

Q. What is the tone of the author?

Read the passage carefully and answer the following questions.

The first 2 minute 30 seconds is for reading the passage carefully and 30 seconds is given to answer the question.

One of the industrial giants who changed American society was Henry Ford. Born on a farm in Michigan in 1863, he grew up to bring forth some of the most revolutionary improvements in automotive technology in the early 20th century. His outstanding mechanical ability led him to become interested in the new automobiles in the early 1900s. Though he did not invent the automobile, he improved upon everyone else's designs.

He was a person who believed in inexpensive, efficient production, so he established standards for his plant and workers. He also standardized and produced many new auto parts for his Ford Motor Company cars. Then he studied the workers' problems and built an assembly line -- the first of its kind in America. This ingenious improvement led to mass production of thousands of automobiles per year. In fact, his plants had produced 15 million Model Ts by 1927.

Ford's personality was not all thrift, efficiency, and ingenuity, however. He was a man who was cold and who could not keep pace with the competition due to his own rigidity. His company suffered because of his desire to maintain the status quo instead of meeting and beating the competition by changing his product. Finally, he saw that he must change or lose out; therefore, he introduced the eight-cylinder engine and once again took over the automobile market. Ford left a legacy of millions of dollars, millions of jobs for American workers, and millions of satisfied customers.

Q. In developing passage, what is the tone of the author?

One of the industrial giants who changed American society was Henry Ford. Born on a farm in Michigan in 1863, he grew up to bring forth some of the most revolutionary improvements in automotive technology in the early 20th century. His outstanding mechanical ability led him to become interested in the new automobiles in the early 1900s. Though he did not invent the automobile, he improved upon everyone else's designs.

He was a person who believed in inexpensive, efficient production, so he established standards for his plant and workers. He also standardized and produced many new auto parts for his Ford Motor Company cars. Then he studied the workers' problems and built an assembly line -- the first of its kind in America. This ingenious improvement led to mass production of thousands of automobiles per year. In fact, his plants had produced 15 million Model Ts by 1927.

Ford's personality was not all thrift, efficiency, and ingenuity, however. He was a man who was cold and who could not keep pace with the competition due to his own rigidity. His company suffered because of his desire to maintain the status quo instead of meeting and beating the competition by changing his product. Finally, he saw that he must change or lose out; therefore, he introduced the eight-cylinder engine and once again took over the automobile market. Ford left a legacy of millions of dollars, millions of jobs for American workers, and millions of satisfied customers.

What was main reason for the failure of Ford's Company?

One of the industrial giants who changed American society was Henry Ford. Born on a farm in Michigan in 1863, he grew up to bring forth some of the most revolutionary improvements in automotive technology in the early 20th century. His outstanding mechanical ability led him to become interested in the new automobiles in the early 1900s. Though he did not invent the automobile, he improved upon everyone else's designs.

He was a person who believed in inexpensive, efficient production, so he established standards for his plant and workers. He also standardized and produced many new auto parts for his Ford Motor Company cars. Then he studied the workers' problems and built an assembly line -- the first of its kind in America. This ingenious improvement led to mass production of thousands of automobiles per year. In fact, his plants had produced 15 million Model Ts by 1927.

Ford's personality was not all thrift, efficiency, and ingenuity, however. He was a man who was cold and who could not keep pace with the competition due to his own rigidity. His company suffered because of his desire to maintain the status quo instead of meeting and beating the competition by changing his product. Finally, he saw that he must change or lose out; therefore, he introduced the eight-cylinder engine and once again took over the automobile market. Ford left a legacy of millions of dollars, millions of jobs for American workers, and millions of satisfied customers.

Q. According to the passage it is important to

Read the passage and answer the following questions.

Time for reading the passage is 1 minute 30 seconds.

We shall go on to the end; we shall fight in France, we shall fight on the seas and oceans, we shall fight with growing confidence and strength in the air, we shall defend our island whatever the cost may be, we shall fight on the beaches, we shall fight on the landing grounds, we shall fight in the fields and in the streets, we shall fight in the hills. We shall never surrender, and even if this island or a large part of it were subjugated and starving, then our empire beyond the seas would carry on the struggle, until the New World steps forth to the rescue and the liberation of the Old.

Q. On the basis of the passage which of the following sentences may be correct?

We shall go on to the end; we shall fight in France, we shall fight on the seas and oceans, we shall fight with growing confidence and strength in the air, we shall defend our island whatever the cost may be, we shall fight on the beaches, we shall fight on the landing grounds, we shall fight in the fields and in the streets, we shall fight in the hills. We shall never surrender, and even if this island or a large part of it were subjugated and starving, then our empire beyond the seas would carry on the struggle, until the New World steps forth to the rescue and the liberation of the Old.

Q. The passage consists of repetitive patterns in syntax and vocabulary. The effect of this style is that it:

We shall go on to the end; we shall fight in France, we shall fight on the seas and oceans, we shall fight with growing confidence and strength in the air, we shall defend our island whatever the cost may be, we shall fight on the beaches, we shall fight on the landing grounds, we shall fight in the fields and in the streets, we shall fight in the hills. We shall never surrender, and even if this island or a large part of it were subjugated and starving, then our empire beyond the seas would carry on the struggle, until the New World steps forth to the rescue and the liberation of the Old.

Q.The speaker in the passage wants to go on fighting because

Read the passage and answer the question.

Time for reading the passage is 1 minute 30 seconds.

A village must have some trade; and this village has always been full of virility and power. Obscure and happy, its splendid energies had found employment in wresting livelihood out of the earth, whence had come a certain dignity, and kindliness, and love for other men. Civilization did not relax these energies, but it had diverted them; and all the special qualities, which might have helped to heal the world, had been destroyed. The family affection, the affection for the commune, the sane pastoral virtues – all had perished. No villain had done this thing: it was the work of ladies and gentlemen who were rich and often clever.

Q. Village life is praised by the author because it

A village must have some trade; and this village has always been full of virility and power. Obscure and happy, its splendid energies had found employment in wresting livelihood out of the earth, whence had come a certain dignity, and kindliness, and love for other men. Civilization did not relax these energies, but it had diverted them; and all the special qualities, which might have helped to heal the world, had been destroyed. The family affection, the affection for the commune, the sane pastoral virtues – all had perished. No villain had done this thing: it was the work of ladies and gentlemen who were rich and often clever.

Q. Civilization mainly destroys

A village must have some trade; and this village has always been full of virility and power. Obscure and happy, its splendid energies had found employment in wresting livelihood out of the earth, whence had come a certain dignity, and kindliness, and love for other men. Civilization did not relax these energies, but it had diverted them; and all the special qualities, which might have helped to heal the world, had been destroyed. The family affection, the affection for the commune, the sane pastoral virtues – all had perished. No villain had done this thing: it was the work of ladies and gentlemen who were rich and often clever.

Q. The tone used by the author in the last sentence of the passage is