Allergies are common. How many people in the U.S are thought to have either allergies or asthma.

What is a pathogen?

Blood cell formation is called HEMATOPOISIS. Where does this occur?

Your first line of defense against pathogens is a physical barrier. Which sites are physical barriers? Mark all that apply.

When the pathogen gets past a physical barrier it's time for the immune system to kick in. The first line of defense is the

The innate immune system includes phagocytes which can swallow up the pathogen and destroy it. Phagocytes are a type of

Macrophages, a type of innate phagocyte, produces a hormone that communicates between different cells of the immune system. What is this class of hormones called?

Which type of phagocyte is called a 'killing machine' because they kill any cells they come in contact with, including normal cells.

Which is the correct order of defense when first injured?

How can you tell neutrophils are fighting an infection?

It's our adaptive immunity that we will rely on for the coronovirus. The adaptive immune system the the one that produces

The adaptive immune response is VERY COMPLICATED! So do be discouraged if you find it confusing. The process starts with a protein on the surface of the pathogen, called an _____.

Antibodies are special proteins that recognize specific antigens. If you are attacked by a pathogen, your immune cells will look at the antigens on that pathogen and see if they recognize them. If so, the B cells, or _______ cells, can copy themselves quickly and mass produce antibodies to fight that pathogen.

Each antibody produced by your immune cells will bind to

If you are exposed to a new pathogen . . .

A macrophage 'eats' the pathogen (remember, first line of defense!). Parts of the swallowed bacteria or virus are hooked onto MHC proteins on the macrophage cell membrane. T-Cells scan the MHCs looking to see if they recognize the antigens from the bacteria or virus. If this is a new pathogen, then cytokies stimulate B-cells and T-cells to to start making antibodies. How many different types of immune cells did I mention?

The immune system is ______.

(Note - check the image for the other cell types involved.)

Do antibodies destroy the pathogen?

Why do we get vaccinated? The first time the body is exposed to a pathogen it takes at least 2 weeks to make the right antibody to fight it. When we vaccinate, we show the body the antigens for that pathogen, without being able to get sick.

What is true the second time the body sees the pathogen?

In the case of an allergy, your body goofed. Antibodies were made to a normal substance rather than a pathogen. Your body is trying to protect you against every day things, like peanuts, pollen, etc.