Which structures begin with a verb that ends in -ing?

Participial phrases function as...

Which structures begin with a verb that ends in -d or -ed?

An absolute phrase (AbP) contains the following components...

Identify the underlined grammatical structure: I miss laughing with my freshmen students.

Identify the underlined grammatical structure: His tone adamant, the student claims that he goes to the weight room regularly.

Identify the underlined grammatical structure: Appointed as English I Honors cheerleader, the student gasped.

Identify the underlined grammatical structure: The student refusing to step into the classroom until the music starts stands in the doorway.

The following grammatical component is a group of words without a subject and a verb.