Which of the following is a typical component of US state concussion legislation?

When should the Glasgow Coma Scale score be assessed after traumatic brain injury (TBI) in order to best distinguish mild from moderate TBI?

What does the author of the article recommend regarding timing of initiation and duration of continuous EEG monitoring in critically

ill children in the intensive care unit who are at risk for nonconvulsive status epilepticus?

Which of the following statements is most accurate about the determination of competency in the United States?

Which of the following is one of the primary goals of the transition from pediatric to adult care for neurologic patients?

Which of the following is the first step of a successful transition from pediatric to adult neurologic care?

Which of the following medications has been US Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved to treat irritability and aggression in children with autism spectrum disorder?

A 7-year-old girl is being evaluated for behavioral concerns. She is described by her parents as a “very bright but very awkward child who has trouble fitting in.” On standardized educational testing, she has consistently performed above grade level in all domains. However, her teachers report that she is “in her own world” and has difficulty adapting to any change in classroom routine. For the past year, she has been highly preoccupied with meteorology, frequently redirecting any conversation back to this subject. Although interested in having friends at school, she has been unable to form any lasting friendships, mostly because of her insistence on doing things her way without compromise and a tendency not to let others have a turn to speak in conversations. She also tends to look to the side of the person with whom she is speaking rather than making eye contact, and her voice has a singsong quality to it. Which of the following diagnoses best fits this child’s overall presentation?

Which of the following chromosomes appears to be enriched with genes mutated in patients with intellectual developmental disorder?

A patient with unexplained intellectual developmental disorder without suggestive phenotypic features has a normal chromosomal microarray. Which of the following evaluations would be most appropriate to

do next?

Which of the following patients would best be described as having an intellectual disability?

Modafinil and armodafinil are not approved by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) to treat narcolepsy in children younger than 17 years because of which of the following adverse effects?

A 10-year-old boy presents with a 6-month history of daytime sleepiness, including falling asleep on the school bus, during class, and while watching television in the evenings. He reports always feeling tired and naps for 1 to 2 hours at a time whenever possible. He has had several episodes of sudden loss of tone with subsequent falls to the ground, without alteration of consciousness, that were triggered by laughing with his friends. A definitive diagnosis in this patient could be made based on which of the following findings?

A 5-year-old girl has a 1-year history of recurrent vomiting episodes that begin during sleep. She awakens with severe nausea and pallor and then vomits for 10 minutes. Her eyes have been observed to deviate during these episodes, and she retains consciousness. She is an otherwise developmentally normal healthy child. EEG is most likely to show which of the following patterns?

An 8-month-old girl has a 3-month history of seizures that began as recurrent hemiconvulsive febrile seizures that alternated sides. She subsequently developed febrile myoclonic, focal, and generalized seizures. More recently, she began to have reflex seizures triggered by her nightly baths. Which of the following treatments is contraindicated?

Which of the following epileptic encephalopathies has the best overall prognosis?

A previously healthy 6-month-old boy is referred to the neurology clinic because of a 1-month history of daily stereotyped abnormal movements. These usually occur upon awakening or as he is falling asleep and are characterized by brief axial flexion with simultaneous flexion of the hips, shoulders, and elbows. These episodes of flexion are brief but occur repetitively over 3 to 5 minutes, and the patient cries between them. Also of concern is his development; whereas he met early milestones on time, he now has lost the ability to roll and seems“sleepy and out of it” all the time. On EEG, the interictal background is very high in amplitude and chaotic with very frequent multifocal epileptiform transients and no normal waveforms, and each of his flexion spells is associated with a high-amplitude generalized slow wave followed by a diffuse relative suppression of voltage. Which of the following electroclinical syndromes is the most likely diagnosis in this patient?

A 5-year-old boy presents with a history of seizures that began at the age of 2. Initially, he had nocturnal tonic seizures followed by the emergence of atypical absence seizures during wakefulness and several generalized tonic-clonic seizures. He is now being evaluated for episodes of sudden loss of tone, at times with an isolated head drop or a fall from standing. Although he met his early milestones on time, he did not say single words until the age of 30 months and now has a 50-word vocabulary. He is ambulatory but very uncoordinated. Although delayed, he has not had a developmental regression. His neurologic examination is revealing only for these cognitive impairments with no dysmorphic features or focal findings. Which of the following interictal EEG patterns would most likely be seen in this patient?

Which of the following chemotherapeutic agents can induce antithrombin III deficiency?

A 15-month-old boy is evaluated for visual and growth impairment. He was born at term after an uncomplicated pregnancy, but it was noted that he did not fix and follow or develop normal visual attentiveness. He is diagnosed with hypopituitarism. Given these symptoms and signs, an MRI will most likely demonstrate findings consistent with which of the following disorders?

Polymicrogyria is most likely to be caused by a disruption of which of the following processes?

A 6-month-old girl presents with global developmental delay and severe microcephaly. On examination, the skull bones have folded inward as if the skull has partially collapsed, although the scalp appears normal. The patient has contractures of the elbows, wrists, and knees, which were present from birth, as well as diffuse spasticity. Brain MRI reveals very thin and dysplastic cerebral parenchyma, while an earlier CT scan revealed subcortical calcifications. Given these findings, which of the following causes of the patient’s microcephaly is most likely?

A 13-year-old boy presents with new-onset epilepsy. He was born at term and has developed normally. His seizures are characterized by behavioral arrest and staring with orofacial automatisms lasting

for 30 to 45 seconds. His general physical and neurologic examination are normal. Brain MRI reveals periventricular nodular heterotopia without any associated cortical abnormalities. A mutation of which of the following genes is most likely responsible for this disorder of neuronal migration?

A 12-year-old boy presents for evaluation of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. On examination, he is found to have a head circumference at the 98th percentile, hypertelorism, and eight café au lait spots. He has no axillary or inguinal freckling, and his neurologic examination is normal. He is otherwise healthy but has a long-standing history of mild academic difficulties in school. His mother is also examined and demonstrates five café au lait spots with sparse bilateral axillary freckles without inguinal freckling; she also has a history of mild learning difficulties but has had no medical problems. What is the most likely diagnosis in this patient?