The principal role of the ………………. in an atomic nucleus is to act as a sort of nuclear cement

to hold the nucleus together

Nucleons are bound together by an attractive nuclear force called the ………… force

Particles that decay by spontaneously emitting charged particles and energy are said to be ….

………………….. is the name given to the charged particles and energy emitted by an unstable

nucleus or particle

The atoms of radioactive elements emit THREE distinct types of radiation called …………………

particles, beta particles and gamma rays

The penetrating power of radiation depends on its ………………….. and its charge

An ………….. is a form of an element having a particular number of neutrons in the nuclei of

its atoms

Isotopes of an element are ……………. identical but differ in the number of neutrons

The ……. of a radioactive material is the time needed for half of the radioactive atoms to decay 

Rates of radioactive decay appear to be absolutely ………..., unaffected by any external

conditions

When a radioactive isotope undergoes alpha or beta decay, it changes to an isotope of a

different ............

The changing of one element to another is called ..............

The New Zealander ...................... , was the first physician to do artificially transmuting

of chemical elements

The elements beyond .......... in the periodic table – the transuranic elements – have been

produced through artificial transmutation

Scientists can figure out how long ago a plant or animal died by measuring the ratio of ...............

to carbon-12 in the remains

The dating of very old, ................ things is accomplished with radioactive minerals, such as

uranium

Scientists can analyse ................... or .................... processes using small amounts of radioactive

isotopes as tracers

Sources of natural radiation include ................, Earth minerals, and radon in the air