Most microbes are measured in centimeters.

Bacteria are bigger than yeast cells

Binomial nomenclature: Genus species

Koch often had problems keeping his culture media solid. What was it missing?

_____________ are used when sterile conditions are needed to keep everything "germ free".

Criteria used to prove that a specific microbe causes a specific disease.

The study of mycology focuses on _______________.

Diane has a fever of 102.5 degrees F. This is a:

_____________ are not known to cause disease.

A cell with multiple flagella over its surface:

All cells have a cell wall.

A bacterium in a hypotonic solution wants to transport glucose into the cell against its concentration gradient. What process will be used?

Endospores contain a coating called __________ acid which protects them from lysis.

A eukaryotic cell has the following organelles:

All microbes have DNA.

Which of the following organelles most resembles a prokaryotic cell?

Gram negative cells are more resistant to antibiotics because they have _________ which pump toxic substances out of the cell.

Capsules protect pathogenic bacteria from ____________, where host cells engulf and destroy microbes.

A bacteria running away from an antibiotic would be spinning its flagella:

Which of the following is generally not true of prokaryotes?

Fimbriae and pili differ in that pili:

A waxy lipid coats a bacterium and prevents Gram staining. What test should be performed next?

In which of the following ways are viruses like bacteria?

Most domains consist of prokaryotic organisms.

Which of the following provides the most significant support for the idea that viruses are nonliving agents?

Viruses that use reverse transcriptase to make a DNA copy of their genome and then incorporate the viral DNA into the host cell’s DNA are:

Prions cause:

Some viruses, such as Human Herpes Virus 1, infect a cell without causing symptoms; these are called:

Which of the following is acid fast?

Biochemical tests indicate the presence of:

Transmission of helminthic diseases to humans is usually by:

Focuses on interactions of microbes with the biotic & abiotic components of the environment

The most diverse ecological hierarchy is:

Consider a single Cyanobacterium on a maple leaf performing photosynthesis. Oxygen production is its:

Photosynthetic organisms that get their energy from the sun:

The main way that energy is "lost" is via ______.

Bacteroidetes species live in the human intestine and help break down food for disposal. This interaction is:

Biogeochemical cycling can incidentally spread contaminants.

After the Deepwater Horizon oil spill, nutrients were added to the affected areas to allow naturally-occurring microbes to break down the oil. Example of:

What process is used to impart aromas, flavors, & textures to foods like bread, wine, beer, & cheese?

Most enzymatic reactions occur at a temp. and pH of:

Eukaryotic cell respiration occurs in the:

Prokaryotic cell respiration occurs in the:

Lipids use the process of ______________ to create acetyl CoA.

All three energy-producing biomolecules use _____________ as an intermediate molecule that enters the CAC.

Cyanobacteria absorb sunlight to create C₆H₁₂O₆, H₂O, and O₂. What form of metabolism do they utilize?

In fermentation, ATP is generated via:

Proteins use the process of ______________ to create acetyl CoA.

Most ATP molecules are produced during which phase of aerobic respiration?

Bacteria eat using:

When using ATP to power cell function, a _____ enzyme is used.

Most binary fission occurs.

Spores are formed or new protective genes are activated.

Chemicals released by bacteria in a biofilm that allow quorum sensing:

Bacteria growing in lab environments form:

The biosafety level (BSL) of most introductory microbiology labs is:

B:

The two most common types of media used in the laboratory are:

Which of the following are not associated with food spoilage?

Is H₂O₂ (hydrogen peroxide) toxic?

CO₂ incubators are used to grow:

Which of the following conditions do you think would present the greatest problem for bacterial survival?

Which of the following would grow slower:

Psychrotroph:

Acidophile:

Which phase of binary fission involves the splitting of one cell into two after z-ring formation?

Which of the following processes does not involve bacteriophages?

Prokaryotic and eukaryotic chromosomes are different in that:

In transcription:

Enzyme that splits lactose:

A point mutation will always change the product coded for by the gene in which the mutation occurs.

Supercoiling in bacteria is accomplished using histones.

Most DNA replication occurs during the ____ phase of microbial growth.

The start codon in euks and proks is _______.

Topoisomerase/Gyrase:

Photolyase:

Set of operator and promotor sites and the structural genes they control:

When a sex pilus or mating bridge is used to transfer genes between organisms:

Soaps and detergents are examples of:

The pasteurization technique used for immediate cold-storage products (AKA milk, yogurt, ice cream…) is termed _________________________.

Which of the following is most resistant to microbial control methods?

The most effective concentration of alcohol to control bacterial growth is:

Bacteria are more sensitive to acidic environments than fungi.

Heavy metals (Ag, Hg, Cu, Zn) and their compounds work by ________________.

O-phenylphenol, hexachlorphene, and triclosan are all examples of:

Nosocomial infections are those acquired from:

Before injecting a patient, you should __________ the skin.

In order to effectively kill endospores, virus particles, and fungi, autoclaves must:

Gram positive organisms are more resistant to control agents than Gram negative.

Refrigeration and incubation are both:

Used for embalming:

When two drugs are given simultaneously and work better together:

Antibiotics that target bacterial translation denature the:

According to the chemotherapeutic index, the larger the number, the safer the drug

_________________________ is a set of undesirable reactions produced by the normal immune system, including drug allergies and autoimmunity.

One disadvantage of using broad spectrum antibiotics is that they:

If you measure a large zone of inhibition in a disk-diffusion test, one can assume that the bacteria are:

An antibiotic that attacks both G+ and G- cells would be expected to have a narrow spectrum of activity.

Which of the following antimicrobials has the broadest spectrum of activity?

A “fake nucleotide” that acts as a DNA/RNA inhibitor:

The ability of antibiotics to target specific microbial structures without harming the host is termed _________________________.

________________, ________________, and _______________ are the main components in topical ointments like Neosporin.

Some Gram + bacteria contain an enzyme called _____________ that breaks down penicillin’s beta-lactam ring.

If a patient is allergic to penicillin, ___________ is prescribed.

Topical treatment used against G+ bacteria.

Danny has tuberculosis, which of the following would be the best treatment?

Inhibits folic acid synthesis:

Which of the following target fungal cell walls?

Treats malaria:

Bacteria require resistance genes via _________ & __________.

Antibiotic-associated diarrhea is caused by:

Antibiotic resistance refers to a host's ability to survive treatment by resisting the antibiotic.

Natural, chemical, and synthetic drugs that combat disease in the body.

Microbes can resist drugs by:

__________________ vaccines are deliberately weakened cell cultures that closely mimic an actual infection and tend to provide better immunity; booster shots are examples.

Unlike influenza, tuberculosis symptoms develop slowly and are less severe, but are continuous or recurrent for long periods of time. Tuberculosis is a(n) ____________________ disease.

Biological transmission differs from mechanical transmission in that biological transmission

__________________ are standard precautions that allow medical personnel to avoid contact with blood, body fluids, excretions, secretions.

The rise in herd immunity among a population can be directly attributed to:

Toxic inflammatory condition arising from the spread of microbes, especially bacteria or their toxins are termed:

__________________ are animals that carry pathogens from one host to another; many are arthropods.

Which of the following is NOT a reservoir of infection?

Which of the following is NOT a communicable disease?

Which of the following definitions is INCORRECT?

__________________ is the incidence of a specific notifiable disease, whereas __________________ is the number of deaths resulting from a notifiable disease.

An___________________ individual is one whose resistance to infection is impaired by disease, therapy, or burns.

Which of the following is a fomite?

Number of new cases of a disease compared to individuals at risk in a population:

Emergence of infectious diseases can be attributed to all of the following EXCEPT:

Tammie is being treated for a verified case of strep throat, but her throat is getting worse. She goes to the doctor again and is diagnosed with oral thrush. What type of infection is being caused by Candida albicans?

The organization responsible for overseeing international health issues and monitoring worldwide disease occurrences is the :

Craig got a deep paper cut and his finger-tip became inflamed. He did not treat the cut and now, 2 weeks later, his whole body hurts. He is tired and pale. What type of infection is this?

During the period of illness, what phases of growth are bacteria most likely undergoing?

Health professionals that interact with patients and may accidentally contaminate them are considered ___________carriers.

You are an epidemiologist at the CDC. You have four possible outbreaks to investigate. Which needs the most immediate attention?

During flu season, in a population of 32,000 individuals, 96 people became infected, and of those, 77 people died. What is the mortality rate?

The common cold is always present in the human population. This is a(n) _______ disease.

The two most contagious stages of disease are:

The mouth, nose, urinary tract, and open wounds are:

Chance of transmission is highest for diseases transmitted via direct contact

When does an infected individual begin to have signs/symptoms of disease?

Outbreak investigations do not involve:

Which of the following are types of epidemiological control methods?

Outbreaks end when:

This organization collects and analyzes epidemiological information in the United States.

Theory that sought to blame disease on "bad air".

_______________ is the cause of a particular disease.

The sticky carbohydrate-based component of a biofilm that allows bacteria to resist the actions of disinfectants is termed the _______________________.

Memory B cells are a part of the body’s:

The pyrogenic response is usually part of the body’s:

Which of the following is FALSE about mucous membranes?

Sarah’s differential count is 12,650 WBCs/mm3. The normal range is 5,000 - 10,000 WBCs/mm3. What may this number indicate:

During inflammation, phagocytes squeeze between endothelial cells of blood vessels using:

Which of the following bacteria is more susceptible to the membrane attack complex (MAC):

Cells that trigger apoptosis of host cells during viral infections and cancer:

Which organ monitors blood for microbes and toxins.

Phagocytes are part of BOTH the innate and adaptive immune systems.

All three complement pathways can utilize C1-C9 proteins depending on the microbe present.

The innate system is activated by protein receptors in defensive cells which release _________; immune response regulators.

The protective protein of the epidermis that aids in waterproofing the skin, hair, and nails is termed _______.

Enzyme in water-based bodily secretions that hydrolyzes bonds in peptidoglycan:

Bone marrow is responsible for creating the formed elements of blood via the process of ________.

Glycoprotein responsible for keeping membranes moist and trapping microbes:

Which of the following is true regarding immunity?

Immunological memory is part of:

Receptors on microbial cells that interact with host cells:

Normal microbiota compete with pathogens via microbial _______.

Granulocyte responsible for protecting against worms:

Phagocytes digest microbes within a:

Scar tissue is formed via __________.

All three complement pathways trigger cytolysis, opsonization, and inflammation.

The classical pathway uses which proteins:

The alternative pathway uses which proteins:

The cytolysis pathway uses which proteins:

Chemotactic factors:

____________ warn host cells of a viral infection.

Most microbes enter the body through the:

Which type of adaptive immunity focuses on extracellular pathogens, e.g. bacteria?

Which of these statements is true for the leukocytes?

Which type of MHC would you find on macrophages?

Which type of MHC would you find on a liver cell?

Which of the following clusters of differentiation interact with B-cells?

Responsible for protecting intestinal microbiota against immune cells.

Method used by the immune system to attack large pathogens.

__________________ memory occurs after the second exposure to an antigen.

Becky contracts chickenpox after babysitting kids in the neighborhood. What type of immunity does she have?

Which antibody is released in the greatest amounts after second exposure to a specific antigen?

Which is NOT true regarding cell-mediated immunity?

All antigens are microbial.

Common in mucous membranes, saliva, tears, and breast milk:

B cells that cannot self-discriminate go through the process of:

Coating of antigen with antibody to increase phagocytoisis:

CD8 T cells are also called:

Bind to MHCII on APC's and interact directly with antigens:

The relative amount of antibody in the host's serum:

Some immune cells work in both innate and adaptive immune responses.

Antibodies are created using:

Common in humoral response; found on B cells: