Font size
WorksheetsKHP 240: Fall 2021 Final Review
Total questions: 200
Worksheet time: 2hrs 46mins
Most absorption of nutrients takes place where?
Stomach
Small intestine
Large intestine
Mouth
This saclike structure SECRETES bile to aid in fat digestion.
Gallbladder
Liver
Small intestine
Stomach
This nutrient passes cell membranes using passive diffusion.
H2O
Glucose
Fructose
Proteins
This monosaccharide requires active transport to diffuse across cell membranes.
Fructose
Glucose
Sucrose
Starch
This monosaccharide uses facilitated diffusion to pass through cell membranes.
Fructose
Glucose
Sucrose
Starch
A lipid that has a glycerol with three attached fatty acids.
Free fatty acids
Lipoprotein
Triglyceride
Glycerol
Which of the following is the monosaccharide that is most important to the human body?
Glucose
Glycogen
Sucrose
Fructose
What structures increase the surface area of the intestinal walls?
Duodenum
Three layers of muscle
Chief cells
Villi
This fat enzyme lines capillary walls in muscle and adipose tissue and carries glycerol & free fatty acids through the circulatory system.
Lipoproteins (LPL)
Bile
Salivary amylase
Pancreatic enzymes
The process of building complex structures or chemical molecules and requires energy.
Anabolic
Catabolic
Cannibalism
The process of breaking down structures or molecules and energy is released.
Anabolic
Catabolic
Cannibalism
This kind of energy is stored between atoms of molecules in food.
Radiant energy
Chemical energy
Mechanical energy
Electrical energy
The direct source of energy for ALL biological process comes from:
ATP
ADP
AMP
Creatine phosphate
An adenosine molecule with two phosphate groups attached to it is called:
ATP
ADP
AMP
What cellular organelle is responsible for ATP production?
Nucleus
Mitochondria
Cytosol
Ribosome
What macronutrient is used in the phosphagen system?
Carbohydrates
Fats
Proteins
None; it uses the ATP pool and creatine phosphate
This energy system has the fastest rate of ATP production and allows it to provide instantaneous energy to cells.
Phosphagen system
Anaerobic system
Aerobic system
System of a down
During steady-state exercise, the energy demand for ATP is met primarily by what energy system?
Phosphagen
Anaerobic Energy System
Aerobic Energy System
Red Bull Energy System
The lack of just one of these can prevent formation of a protein...
Triglyceride
Amino acid
Fatty acid
Monosaccharide
Which of the following correctly displays the paired forms of stored energy?
glycogen = liver and starch = potatoes
glycogen = potatoes and starch = liver
potatoes = liver and starch = glycogen
Starch is an example of a polysaccharide found in plants. What is the monomer of starch (Hint: it is an example of a monosaccharide)?
sucrose
glucose
glycogen
lactose
A person consumes a total of 2,780 calories per day. The total amount of CHO they intake is 440 grams. Calculate the % of calories from CHO they intake in one day.
33%
63%
75%
23%
Which of the following CHO choices also contain fiber, vitamins, antioxidants, and less calories.
Complex grains
Fruits & vegetables
Dairy products
Protein
Athletes who eat low carbohydrate diets:
Find it harder to complete workouts
Have difficulty mentally focusing
Have energy increases during exercise
Experience muscle fatigue
Depending on exercise intensity, carbohydrates may be broken down ___________ or _________________.
(a)
During low-moderate intensity exercise, carbohydrates are broken down via (a) metabolism.
In aerobic metabolism, during glycolysis, glucose is broken down into pyruvate which is then converted into:
lactic acid
acetyl CoA
citric acid
carbon dioxide
In anaerobic metabolism, during glycolysis, glucose is broken down into pyruvate which is then converted into:
lactic acid
acetyl CoA
citric acid
carbon dioxide
During the citric acid (Kreb's) cycle, _____ atoms bind with O2 on the Acetyl CoA, Meanwhile, H+ atoms are stripped off Acetyl CoA and carried off to the ________ and used to create ATP.
H+; citric acid cycle
C; citric acid cycle
H+; electron transport chain
C; electron transport chain
During moderate intensity exercise, carbohydrates become the major energy source because:
Fats are broken down faster than CHO
O2 delivery & availability increases
O2 delivery & availability decreases
CHO need more O2 than fats
__________ glycogen stores can release glucose into the bloodstream to maintain blood glucose.
Muscle
Liver
Adipocyte
Protein
Once glucose enters the muscle, glucose ________ leave and enter the blood stream to bring blood glucose levels to normal.
Can
Cannot
Will
always
Which of the following is a result of of decreasing liver glycogen stores? (Hint: more than one answer)
Reduction in work output
Hypoglycemia
Reduced ability to maintain blood glucose levels
Irritability
Which of the following store(s) glycogen?
I. Adipose tissue
II. Liver
III. Skeletal muscle
II only
I and III only
II and III only
I, II and III
Which of the following foods contains unsaturated fats?
lettuce
olive oil
cheese
eggs
A stick of butter is what type of fat?
Saturated Fat
Polyunsaturated Fat
Monounsaturated Fat
Trans Fat
The amount of stored energy in a lipid is ___________.
9 kcal/g
6 kcal/g
100 kcal/g
4 kcal/g
An unsaturated lipid contains, ________
more oxygen than hydrogen
double bonds
ionic bonds
only one fatty acid
Which type of fat is the most dangerous due to the risks of heart disease?
saturated fats
unsaturated fats
trans fats
polyunsaturated fats
What is aerobic catabolism?
A chemical reaction requiring energy to build larger molecules from smaller molecules in the presence of oxygen
A chemical reaction requiring energy to build larger molecules from smaller molecules in the absence of oxygen
Chemical reactions that break down complex organic compounds into simpler compounds in the presence of oxygen
Chemical reactions that break down complex organic compounds into simpler compounds in the absence of oxygen
Which of the following are major storage sites for triglycerides?
I. Skeletal muscle
II. Smooth muscle
III. Adipose tissue
I and II only
I and III only
II and III only
I, II and III
Which outlines lipolysis?
Two glucose molecules combine to form a disaccharide
One glycerol and three fatty acids combine to form a triglyceride
One disaccharide breaks down to form two glucose molecules
One triglyceride breaks down to form glycerol and three fatty acids
2. Mr. P. Nice-Anderson, a 21 year old influencer and vlogger, received a number of unsolicited comments calling him chubby and fat in his new post. Brought about by his insecurities and lack of confidence, he started to become very conscious of his body to the point wherein he desperately reduced his calorie intake to a very low level; from 2000 to 2100 each day to only 700-800 now. This was, for him, the fastest way of resolving the issue thus allowing him to appease the negative outlook he had impressed upon himself. Overall, this method of his lasted for 5 to 6 months. Upon constant observation, however, he seemed to have noticed that there had been only quite few changes within his bodily composition since then. He became frustrated about this matter and started to eat more than his acclimated diet (or regresses back towards his original diet). This, in turn, had resulted in him gaining more body fat. What is the best explanation for this?
A. Restriction of too much calories for a long period of time induces higher basal metabolic rate resulting to fat gain
B. When one dramatically lowers calorie intake for a long period of time, the body senses that the food is scarce and lowers the rate at which it burns calories.
C. Intake of either too low or too high calories does not have significant relationship with one person’s loss or gain of fat
D. Both A and B Is correct
3. Which of the following are the two primary energy sources used by the body?
Proteins and carbohydrates
Carbohydrates and fats
Fats and proteins
14. Emma has diabetes. Her endocrinologist suggested that she should exercise more. If Emma followed the doctor’s advice, which of the following will be true?
Her body will be less efficient in transporting glucose into the cells from the blood
Her insulin sensitivity will increase
Her insulin levels will increase
Her glucagon levels will decrease
17. Hidilyn Diaz was a well-known weightlifter, who won the first Olympic gold medal for the Philippines in the 2020 Olympics. Given the nature of her sport, what would be the relative energy contribution (%) of aerobic and anaerobic means of energy production?
100% anaerobic
70% anaerobic, 30% aerobic
40% anaerobic, 60% aerobic
100% aerobic
18. Which of the following, when depleted or reduced in amount, will significantly limit exercise performance?
amino acids
glucose
lactate
glycogen
Which of the following converts fats into energy?
The anaerobic system
The aerobic system
The phosphagen system
Transamination
When should athletes consume a high-fat diet (approximately 60% to 70% of total calories)?
During a single meal immediately prior to training/competition
During the 2 weeks leading up to an important training session/competition
During the 2 months leading up to an important training session/competition
Athletes should avoid consuming high-fat diets.
Which of the following statements is true?
Food fat is not a source of essential nutrients.
In foods, fats add taste and contribute to satiety.
Fatty meals empty more rapidly from the stomach than high-carbohydrate meals.
Liquid oils can be made into solid fats by the process of emulsification
Which of the following is not a function of fats?
They add flavor and texture to foods.
They provide 9 calories per gram, helping athletes meet their daily energy needs
They serve as the primary source of energy during moderate- to high-intensity exercise.
They provide essential fatty acids for normal physiological functioning.
The three categories of lipids are:
amino acids, phospholipids, and sterols.
diglycerides, glycerols, and phospholipids.
fatty acids, glycerols, and sterols.
triglycerides, phospholipids, and sterols.
Which of the following is the Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Range (AMDR) for fats?
10–30%
20–35%
25–40%
15–35%
If a product contains 100 calories and 5 grams of fat per serving, what is the percentage of calories from fat in the product?
5%
45%
20%
35%
Which of the following types of blood cholesterol are considered protective against cardiovascular disease?
Total cholesterol
LDL
VLDL
HDL
Which of the following adaptations to endurance training does not improve an athlete’s ability to utilize fats for energy?
Increased muscle blood flow
Larger and more numerous mitochondria
Increased quantities of enzymes involved in fat metabolis
Improved transport of fat into adipose tissue
Which of the following is true regarding the structure of proteins?
The shape of a protein often dictates its function in the body.
The tertiary structure of a protein is the coiling or folding caused by hydrogen bonds.
The primary structure of a protein refers to its three-dimensional shape.
The amino acid sequence that constitutes a protein has no effect on protein structure.
All of these are correct.
Tony is a 180-pound Olympic weightlifter. Assuming the recommended intake for athletes is between 1.2 -2.0 g/kg, how much protein should he be consuming daily?
60 grams
82 grams
130 grams
240 grams
What is the AMDR for protein?
10-25%
20-40%
15-20%
10-35%
Which of the following makes up the basic structure of an amino acid?
An amino group
A carboxylic acid group
A carbon side chain
All of these are correct
Proteins that function to catalyze biochemical reactions in the body are known as:
Limiting proteins
Complementing proteins
Essential amino acids
Enzymes
Jack is a 220-pound high school shot-putter who reports that he is consuming 350 grams of protein a day. Which of the following statements is true?
Jack should consider increasing his protein intake to 400 grams per day.
Jack is consuming more than the recommended amount of protein for athletes.
Jack’s protein intake is within the recommended range for strength/power athletes.
Jack should strive to get at least 40% of his total daily calories from protein.
What is the main function of protein in the body?
Is the main source of energy for the body
Helps to build and repair body tissue
Provide warmth and cushioning to the body's organs
Helps to transport vitamins through the body
All answers are roles of protein in the body
Amino acids that must be supplied by foods in the diet
Essential amino acid
Complete protein
Non-essential amino acid
Incomplete protein
All amino acids have the same basic structure. Which part of the amino acid makes each each one unique?
amino group
carboxyl group
R-group (side chain)
Proteins give you how many calories per gram?
4
6
7
9
Where are proteins broken down in the digestive system?
Mouth
Colon
Small intestine
Stomach
Proteins that contain all the essential amino acids are called what?
Essential
Incomplete
Complete
Non - essential
Complete proteins come from what sources?
Becky’s 2-year-old son cannot walk because he was born with spina bifida. To reduce the chances that her next baby will be born with this birth defect or related disorders, Becky should:
consume green leafy vegetables, drink orange juice, and take a folic acid supplement before getting pregnant.
eat at least 3 ounces of fatty fish three times a week, take vitamin A and D supplements, and drink more fat-free milk during the first 3 months of pregnancy.
take pantothenic acid, B6, and B12 supplements before getting pregnant.
take iron, zinc, and magnesium supplements during the first month of pregnancy, then eat more whole-grain breads and cereals for the remaining months of pregnancy.
Which of the following is true of water-soluble vitamins?
They are easily transported in the blood.
They require dietary fat for absorption.
They are insoluble in water.
They are stored within the body in appreciable amounts
Which of the following water-soluble vitamins has the least involvement in energy production/metabolism?
Thiamin
Riboflavin
Niacin
Folate
Thiamin requirements will escalate with the simultaneous increase of:
fats
calories
proteins
alcohols
Which of the following is NOT a water-soluble vitamin?
Vitamin A
Vitamin B
Vitamin C
Choline
This category of vitamins are easily destroyed while cooking.
Water-soluble vitamins
Fat-soluble vitamins
What category of vitamins has a high potential for toxicity, can be stored in adipose tissue, and requires dietary fat intake in order to be transported in the blood?
Water-soluble vitamins
Fat-soluble vitamins
What cooking method results in the GREATEST amount of vitamin loss?
Grilling
Microwaving
Boiling
Baking
Why is the risk of toxicity of water-soluble vitamins low? (More than one answer)
Because water-soluble vitamins are stored in adipose tissue
Because water-soluble vitamins are not stored in the body
Because water-soluble vitamins can build up in the body with no ill effects
Any excess water-soluble vitamin intake is excreted in urine
High levels of _____________ in the blood is a risk factor for CVD.
Homocysteine
Hemoglobin
Lactic acid
Myosin
This vitamin is crucial during fetal development:
Vitamin C
Folate
Niacin
Riboflavin
This water-soluble vitamin has antioxidant properties, aids in formation of hormones & neurotransmitters, and is critical for collagen formation.
Vitamin C
Niacin
Vitamin A
Biotin
Pirates were susceptible to scurvy while away on long voyages and had little access to fresh fruit & vegetables. Scurvy develops when there is a lack of ________ in the diet.
Niacin
Vitamin K
Vitamin C
Vitamin B
Which of the following are fat-soluble vitamins?
Vitamins D & E
Niacin & thiamin
Pantothenic acid and vitamin A
Vitamins B12 and B6
Which of the following vitamins can be made by the human body?
Vitamin C
Vitamin B6
Vitamin D
All of these are correct
Vitamin A is important for athletes due to its role in:
the formation of calcitriol.
carbohydrate metabolism
the repair of damaged tissue
lipolysis
Marcus suffers from iron-deficiency anemia. Which of the following foods is a poor source of iron?
Beef liver
Chicken breast
Enriched cereals
Reduced-fat milk
Which of the following is one of the most common nutritional deficiencies in the United States?
Sodium
Iron
Copper
Zinc
Bioavailability of minerals can be affected by foods containing high amounts of:
Carbohydrates
Fat
Protein
Calcium
Which of the following is the iron-containing compound found in muscle that facilitates the transport of oxygen to muscle cells?
Myoglobin
Hemoglobin
Transferrin
Ferritin
Which of the following statements best describes minerals? (More than one answer)
Minerals are inorganic molecules
Minerals have no caloric value
Minerals are very stable and not degraded by cooking
Minerals are easily degraded by cooking
If we do not get enough dietary calcium, our body will get the calcium from which of the following?
Blood stores
Adipose tissue
Bones
Muscle protein
Which of the following body function is assisted by calcium?
Release of neurotransmitters that facilitate nerve signals & activation.
Bone formation
Initiates skeletal muscle contraction
All choices are correct
Minerals cannot be destroyed by:
Exposure to heat
Exposure to light
Exposure to an acid or alkaline environment
None of these choices are correct
Osteoblasts function by:
Pulling in calcium and phosphate from the blood to build bone
Breaking down bone to release calcium and phosphate into the blood
Stimulating increased calcium absorption from the gut
Blocking calcium absorption from the gut
What is the primary oxygen carrier in the blood?
Hemoglobin
Myoglobin
Iron
Transferrin
Which of the following is an example of extracellular water?
Saliva
Blood plasma
Lymphatic fluid
All answers are correct
What does blood plasma help to distribute to the billions of cells that make up the body’s tissues?
Nutrients
Hormones & immune cells
Oxygen
All of these are correct
Impaired thermoregulation caused by poor water balance plus environmental heat stress can lead to which of the following?
Heat cramps
Heat stroke
Heat exhaustion
All of these are correct
Which of the following is a sign of heat stroke?
Lack of sweat
Profuse sweating
Cold, clammy skin
Hypotension
Which of the following can be sources of water for athletes needing to replenish fluid losses?
Coffee
Fruits & vegetables
Tea
All of these are correct
Which of the following hydration schedules is recommended by major sports medicine and nutrition organizations?
No fluids within 4 hours of exercising
13–20 ounces at least 4 hours prior to exercise
7–10 ounces in the 10–20 minutes after exercise
13–20 ounces at least 4 hours prior to exercise and then 7–10 ounces in the 10–20 minutes prior to exercise
When an athlete chooses 100% juice as a fluid in the hours leading up to a training session or competition, which of the following is not provided?
High levels of protein
Fluid
Carbohydrates
Electrolytes
What is the goal of hydration during exercise?
To maintain plasma volume
To ensure adequate intake of carbohydrates and fats
To raise core temperature
All of these are correct
Which of the following is a method that athletes can use to replace fluids lost during training and competition?
Pour fluids over their heads
Place ice on the back of their neck
Begin drinking fluids as soon as possible
Submerge in a cool bathtub or pool
Which of the following is true regarding post-exercise hydration?
Athletes should consume 1/2 cup of fluid for every pound that is lost during exercise.
Athletes should consume 1 cup of fluid for every pound that is lost during exercise.
Athletes should consume 2 cups of fluid for every pound that is lost during exercise.
Athletes should drink as much as possible, as quickly as possible, after exercise
Functions of water in the body:
Lowers blood cholesterol level
Increases satiety
Slows down glucose absorption
Regulation of body temperature
Which of these is true regarding methods of water loss:
At rest, sweating is the major avenue of water loss
During exercise, most water is loss through urination
Water content in feces accounts for 35% of water loss
Water loss through insensible perspiration increases in colder, dries climates
Which statement best describes cardiac drift? (More than one correct)
Cardiac drift occurs with increasing blood volume, causing a drop in heart rate.
Cardiac drift can occur with 2-3% loss of body weight caused by dehydration.
Cardiac drift occurs because of decreasing blood volume, which requires the heart to beat faster.
Cardiac drift only occurs at high altitudes.
Which of the following is NOT true?
High temperature & humidity environments increases water loss.
When outside temperatures begin to increase, sweat rates will increase for the first 10-14 days.
High altitudes leads to an increase in water loss.
Hydration levels in cold weather are not a big deal because you do not sweat.
To assist in finding a quality supplement, consumers should look for which of the following on the supplement or product advertisement?
Testimonials
Research conducted by the supplement company
Verification seals
Athlete endorsements
Performing a thorough warm-up before an exercise session would be classified as which type of ergogenic aid?
Physiological
Psychological
Pharmacological
Biomechanical
Which of the following is a potential cause for inadvertent doping?
Manufacturer lists all ingredients on the label
Names in the ingredients list are not recognized
Knowledge of which substances are banned
All of these are correct
Which of the following is true of supplement manufacturers?
They can make structure/function, nutrient content, and health claims on their products.
They can make claims that their products can cure or relieve specific health conditions or diseases.
They can claim that their products have pharmacological uses.
All of these are correct.
Approximately what percentage of Americans are overweight or obese?
33%
70%
50%
80%
What body mass index (BMI) level is considered “obese”?
Below 18.5
18.5-24.9
25-29.9
30-34.9
Which of the following is the weight of all body components except for fat?
Fat-free mass
Lean body mass
Nonessential body fat
Bone mineral mass
This body composition measurement is based on determination of body density; measures body volume by applying Archimedes’ Principle.
Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry
Underwater weighing
Skinfold assessment
Bioelectrical impedance
This body composition uses a three-component model measuring fat mass, bone mineral mass, and lean body mass by passing low-energy radiography technology.
Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry
Underwater weighing
Skinfold assessment
Bioelectrical impedance
This body composition measures subcutaneous fat at several anatomical sites. A prediction equation is then applied to determine overall body fat percentage.
Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry
Underwater weighing
Skinfold assessment
Bioelectrical impedance
If you do this, you will neither gain or lose weight.
Energy balance
Positive energy balance
Negative energy balance
When energy intake is greater than energy expenditure, causing one to gain weight is called:
Energy balance
Positive energy balance
Negative energy balance
When energy expenditure is greater than energy intake, causing one to lose weight is called:
Energy balance
Positive energy balance
Negative energy balance
The ability of a muscle or group of muscles to repeatedly develop or maintain force without fatiguing is called:
Muscular endurance
Cardiorespiratory endurance
Flexibility
Agility
What is the PRIMARY energy system utilized during endurance exercise?
Phosphagen
Immediate ATP stores
Anaerobic
Aerobic
List one advantage and one disadvantage of the aerobic energy system.
Elite endurance athletes can burn 2-3x the # of calories as untrained individuals. When planning meals, what macronutrient should be increased the most?
Carbohydrates
Fats
Proteins
Increases in each macronutrient should be proportional to the increase in calories
What happens to performance when glycogen stores start to deplete?
When fatigue sets in, an athletes race pace _________ and perceived exertion ________.
Decreases; increases
Increases; decreases
Increases; increases
Decreases; decreases
For ET athletes, how much of their daily caloric intake should be carbohydrates?
75-80%
70-75%
50-65%
35-45%
Why is it important for athletes to taper 6-7 days prior to a competition?
Why is protein consumption important for athletes?
Why is their little scientific evidence of training regimens and diets that produce the greatest physiological adaptations?
What is the relationship between physiological overload and the resulting physiological adaptations?
The greater the overload, the greater the physiological adaptations
There is no relationship between overload and adaptations
The smaller the overload, the greater the physiological adaptation
The greater the overload, the smaller the physiological adaptation.
Why is rest critical to performance gains?
Why is periodization training optimal for athletes?
It involves periods of higher intensity training, followed by decreased training to allow for recovery and adaptation.
It involves a linear increase in intensity with no rest periods; the greater the overload, the greater the adaptation.
It physiologically pushes the athlete so their body can adapt to stress
Periodization training is NOT optimal
What is the formula for VO2 max?
What is stroke volume?
Amount of blood eject from the left ventricle per minute
Amount of blood eject from the left ventricle per beat
Amount of blood that is returned to the heart
Amount of blood eject from the left ventricle per hour
What is the arteriovenous oxygen difference (a-VO2)?
Amount of oxygen that is delivered to working muscle
Amount of CO2 that is delivered to working muscle
Amount of CO2 that is picked up from working muscle
Amount of oxygen that is picked up in the lungs
What happens to the a-VO2 difference with exercise?
Increases
Decreases
Stays the same
How does the a-VO2 difference compare (at rest & during X) between a sedentary and endurance trained athlete?
Training increases the a-VO2 difference at rest and during exercise
Training decreases the a-VO2 difference
The a-VO2 difference between sedentary and ET athletes does not change
Sedentary people have a larger a-VO2 difference at both rest and during exercise
The physiological definition of VO2 max is:
The ability of the body to transport and use oxygen
The ability of the body to make ATP
Ability of the muscles to utilize oxygen
Ability of the heart to pump out blood
Why do patients have decreased stamina and increased fatigue after weeks of bedrest?
What physiological variable is the primary cause of the dramatic reduction in VO2 max following weeks of detraining?
Which of the following accurately describes force: (May be more than one answer)
it is the ability to generate maximal force
it is dependent on the amount of muscle tissue
the speed of movement is irrelevant
it is the ability to generate force at high speed
Which of the following accurately describes power: (May be more than one answer)
it is the ability to generate force at high speed
is equivalent to the amount of force generated over time
the speed of movement is irrelevant
it is measured by performing a 1 rep-max test
What are the primary energy systems utilized during strength/power sports?
Tissues have the ability to regulate the expression of proteins by:
Altering the amount of mRNA that is synthesized
Controlling the rate of protein synthesis
Altering the rate of protein degradation
All answers are ways tissues can regulate protein expression
Which of the following stimuli can activate growth factors responsible for protein synthesis?
Resistance training
Endurance training
Hormones
All choices are correct
What is a motor unit?
Compare type I and type II muscle fibers (contractility, power, motor unit size, m-ATPase & SDH activity, oxidative capacity)
How are motor units recruited?
Myosin ATPase is directly correlated with:
Mitochondrial density
Capillary density
Contractile velocity
Protein degradation
Muscle fiber type (genotype) is genetically determined and not influenced by training.
True
False
Endurance training an increase the oxidative capacity of all fiber types.
True
False
Type II fibers can take on type I fiber characteristics (increase capillarization, mitochondrial density, express a slower MHC protein, reduce M-ATPase activity)
True
False
What is muscle hypertrophy?
Increased muscle bulk and mass due to resistance training in humans is due to all of the following except:
Increased cross-sectional area
Increase in size of muscle cells
Increase number of actin and myosin myofibrils
Increase in number of muscle fibers
High-resistance training results in an increased cross-sectional area of all fiber types. This increase is more pronounced in:
Type II fibers
Type I fibers
Type a fibers
Type b fibers
What happens to mitochondrial and capillary density with resistance training?
Which of the following describes what is seen on the force-velocity curve?
Resistance training can increase maximal isometric tension
Resistance trained athletes can generate greater contractile velocities than UT people
Resistance trained athletes can pick up larger loads when contracting at the same velocity as UT people
All statements are correct
Within the first two months of resistance training, strength gains are primary due to:
Which of the following is NOT a neural adaptation seen within the first two months of resistance training?
Increased motor unit firing frequency
Increased ability to recruit high-threshold motor units
Decreased inhibition of Golgi tendon organs
Decreased co-activation of antagonistic muscle
Increased firing of Golgi tendon organs
Which of the following is NOT a muscular adaptations to resistance training?
Increased cross sectional area
Increase size of type II fibers
Increased amount of intramuscular ATP, CP, and glycogen.
Increased myosin ATPase activity
Increased aerobic capacity
Describe the myocardial (heart) changes seen in response to resistance training compared to endurance training.
Each of the following describes characteristics of the innate immune system, except:
Relies on physical and chemical barriers
First line of defense against pathogens
Made up of B- and T-cells
Composed of antigen-presenting cells and granulocytes
Each of the following describes characteristics of the adaptive immune system, except:
Relies on antibody and immune cell responses
Second line of defense against pathogens
Made up of B- and T-cells
Has no memory
Which system can differentiate between various pathogens (bacteria vs virus)
Innate
Adaptive
Both systems
(a) cells differentiate into cells of the innate immune system.
(a) cells differentiate into cells of the adaptive immune system.
Pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) are surface receptors on immune cells that recognize (a) on pathogens.
In the event of too many pathogens, phagocytes release __________ to call in reinforcements to help deal with the larger invasion.
PAMPs
PRRs
Cytokines
TLRs
Proinflammatory cytokines released by immune cells do which of the following?
Recreate more immune cells
Cause vasodilation to the surround blood vessels
Induce fevers
All choices are correct
All of the following immune cells are antigen presenting cells, except:
Macrophages
Dendritic cells
Basophil
Monocyte
Which of the following is not apart of your body’s first line of defense?
Skin
Mucus
Stomach Acid
Antibodies
Some human white blood cells help destroy pathogenic bacteria by
causing mutations in the bacteria
engulfing and digesting the bacteria
producing toxins that compete with bacterial toxins
inserting part of their DNA into the bacterial cells
What is true about the immune system?
Pathogens help the immune system
It helps old diseases get stronger
kills the body's functions
It stores information from previous infections
white blood cells which are the part of our immune system detect viruses in our body they kill the antigen or viruses by antibodies.
antibiotics which are the part of our immune system detect viruses in our body they kill the antigen.
