Dylan’s mother buys him a sailor’s cap before they go on a family fishing trip. On the boat, Dylan gets nauseated and vomits. The next day he gets nauseated just from looking at the sailor’s cap.

The sailor’s cap has become:

When a child hears a loud noise, he cries. The family's dog often barks loudly. Each time the child sees the dog, he cries.

What is the conditioned response?

Najiah was ecstatic when she learned her family was going to the state fair next weekend. When her family arrived at the state fair the temperature was in excess of 35 deg Celsius, but Najiah didn't care because she was finally there. Najiah stopped and watched some clowns performing next to the carousel.

As she watched the silly antics of the clowns with the carousel music playing in the background, Najiah got more and more sweaty and uncomfortable. Eventually, she fainted from the heat. After that trip to the state fair, every time Najiah hears carousel musical she feels a little dizzy.

In this scenario, what is the neutral stimulus (NS) that became the conditioned stimulus (CS)?

Psychologists like to experiment on other organisms in their immediate environment, so Vanessa decided to perform a few experiments on her kitty, Precious.

Vanessa had a little clicker that makes a loud ‘CLICK’ sound. She walked around the house, randomly clicking it for a while while Precious rested in the living room. Then Vanessa sat down with Precious, and used the flash on her camera to flash a bright light at the same time she clicked.

Precious blinked because of the flash, and looked mildly annoyed. Vanessa repeated this process with her 4 times, then clicked the clicker, without using the flash. She still blinked! (She also looked very unhappy).

In this scenario, what are the UCS, UCR, and NS, respectively?

Weigand and his sidekick, LaRoche, went out on the town in Manhattan one evening, to a swanky restaurant. Weigand and LaRoche saw a new food item on the menu (Fois Gras, which is seared goose liver), and decided to try it. LaRoche found it delicious, as did Weigand.

After retiring to bed that night, LaRoche became nauseous, had a headache, and slept poorly. LaRoche has tried eating fois gras since then, but when looking at it, he immediately feels nauseous and can’t eat it. (hint: Food aversion is a special case of classical conditioning which requires only one pairing of the stimuli).

In this scenario, what are the UCS, UCR, CS, and CR respectively?

After classical conditioning, the neutral stimulus becomes the