A pair of thin layers of glacial lake-bed sediment, one consisting of silt and the other of clay

Rock still attached to Earth’s crust

The total volume of empty space in a material, usually expressed as a percentage

A wedge of sediment formed at a river mouth when the running water of the stream enters standing water, and eventually sediment settles out

A streamlined, elongate hill formed when a glacier overrides glacial till

The deflection of objects, winds, and currents on the surface of the Earth owing to the planet’s rotation

The removal of ice at the toe of a glacier by melting, sublimation, and/or calving

Sediment consisting of ice-rafted clasts mixed with marine sediment

The forward movement of a glacier’s toe when the supply of snow exceeds the rate of ablation

The movement of a glacier’s toe back toward the glacier’s origin

A sediment pile composed of till deposited by a glacier

A fragment or grain produced by the physical or chemical weathering of a pre-existing rock

A well-defined stream of ocean water

A boulder or cobble that was picked up by a glacier and deposited hundreds of kilometers away from the outcrop from which it detached

Grooves or scratches cut into bedrock when clasts embedded in the moving glacier act like the teeth of a giant rasp

The degree to which a material allows fluids to pass through it via an interconnected network of pores and cracks

The grinding away and removal of Earth’s surface materials by moving water, air or ice

The process by which sediment settles out of a transporting medium

the gravitationally caused downslope transport of rock, soil, snow, or ice.

the rising and sinking of water driven by contrasts in water density (due to temperature and salinity)