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End of the Year Earth Science Review

Total questions: 65

Worksheet time: 3hrs 15mins

Name
Class
Date
1.
What is the approximate density of a mineral with a mass of 262.2 grams that displaces 46 cubic centimeters of water?
a)
1.8 g/cm3
b)
5.7 g/cm3
c)
6.1 g/cm3
d)
12.2 g/cm3
2.
Under the same conditions of temperature and pressure, three different samples of the same uniform substance will have the same
a)
shape
b)
density
c)
mass
d)
volume
3.
Which two elements make up the greatest percentages by mass in Earth’s crust?
a)
oxygen and potassium
b)
oxygen and silicon
c)
aluminum and potassium
d)
aluminum and silicon
4.
Which New York State city is located at 42°39' N 73°45' W?
a)
Buffalo
b)
Albany
c)
Ithaca
d)
Plattsburgh
5.
What is the approximate altitude of Polaris at Syracuse, New York?
a)
43°
b)
47°
c)
76°
d)
90°
6.
If an observer on Earth views Polaris on the horizon, the observer is located at the
a)
equator (0°)
b)
North Pole (90° N)
c)
Tropic of Cancer (23.5° N)
d)
Tropic of Capricorn (23.5° S)
7.
At which New York State location would an observer measure the highest altitude of Polaris?
a)
New York City
b)
Slide Mountain
c)
Niagara Falls
d)
Plattsburgh
8.
Which statement best describes Earth’s approximate rates of rotation and revolution?
a)
Earth’s rotation rate is 15°/hour and its revolution rate is 1°/day.
b)
Earth’s rotation rate is 1°/hour and its revolution rate is 15°/day.
c)
Earth’s rotation rate is 24°/hour and its revolution rate is 360°/day.
d)
Earth’s rotation rate is 360°/hour and its revolution rate is 24°/day.
9.
Which group of substances is arranged in order of decreasing specific heat values?
a)
iron, granite, basalt
b)
copper, lead, iron
c)
dry air, water vapor, ice
d)
liquid water, ice, water vapor
10.
During which phase change does water release the most heat energy?
a)
freezing
b)
melting
c)
condensation
d)
vaporization
11.
Which transfer of energy occurs mainly through the process of convection?
a)
electromagnetic energy transferred from the Sun to the Moon
b)
solar energy transferred through space to Earth’s surface
c)
heated air in the lower atmosphere transferred upward by density differences
d)
heat from radioactive decay transferred by molecular collisions to surrounding mantle rock
12.
Which type of electromagnetic radiation has the longest wavelength?
a)
ultraviolet
b)
gamma rays
c)
visible light
d)
radio waves
13.
The impacts of large asteroids on Earth are inferred to be associated with
a)
free oxygen entering Earth’s atmosphere
b)
seafloor spreading
c)
the creation of subduction zones
d)
global climatic changes
14.
Global warming is most likely occurring due to an increase in
a)
carbon dioxide and methane gases in the atmosphere
b)
oxygen and nitrogen gases in the atmosphere
c)
ultraviolet radiation and x rays reflected from Earth
d)
visible light and radio waves reflected from Earth
15.
Which event is inferred to have contributed to the significant global climate change that may have caused the mass extinctions of organisms at the end of the Late Cretaceous Epoch?
a)
the Big Bang
b)
an asteroid impact
c)
formation of Pangaea
d)
shifting of Earth’s magnetic poles
16.
A fossil formed 11,400 years ago. Which percentage of the original amount of carbon-14 remains in the fossil?
a)
100%
b)
50%
c)
25%
d)
12.5%
17.
Fossils of which type of animal would most likely be found in the surface bedrock of the Catskills?
a)
reptiles
b)
brachiopods
c)
mammals
d)
birds
18.
The accumulation of water vapor, carbon dioxide, and nitrogen in Earth’s early atmosphere approximately 4 billion years ago resulted mainly from
a)
outgassing from Earth's interior
b)
photosynthesis by the earliest land plants
c)
convection currents in Earth’s outer core
d)
radioactive decay
19.
The major source of oxygen in Earth’s Early Proterozoic atmosphere is inferred to have been produced by
a)
oceanic cyanobacteria
b)
outgassing from volcanic eruptions
c)
radioactive decay in Earth’s inner core
d)
evaporation of ocean water
20.
Valcouroceras is a New York State index fossil. Which mountain-building event occurred in New York State during the time when Valcouroceras was living in oceans covering parts of New York State?
a)
Alleghenian orogeny
b)
Acadian orogeny
c)
Taconian orogeny
d)
Grenville orogeny
21.
Due to radioactive decay, an igneous rock sample now contains one-fourth of the amount of potassium-40 that it originally contained. The age, in years, of this rock sample is approximately
a)
0.7 × 109 y
b)
1.3 × 109 y
c)
2.6 × 109 y
d)
5.2 × 109 y
22.
Organisms that later became good index fossils lived over a
a)
wide geographic area and existed for a long geologic time
b)
wide geographic area and existed for a short geologic time
c)
limited geographic area and existed for a long geologic time
d)
limited geographic area and existed for a short geologic time
23.
Which tectonic feature is associated with a complex or uncertain plate boundary?
a)
Southwest Indian Ridge
b)
East African Rift
c)
Mariana Trench
d)
Galapagos Hot Spot
24.
A P-wave takes 5 minutes to travel from the epicenter of an earthquake to a seismic station. Approximately how many minutes will it take an S-wave to travel that same distance?
a)
15 min
b)
12 min
c)
9 min
d)
4 min
25.
The epicenter of an earthquake is located 6500 kilometers away from a seismic station. If the first S-wave arrived at this seismic station at 1:30 p.m., at what time did the first P-wave arrive?
a)
1:20 p.m.
b)
1:22 p.m.
c)
1:38 p.m.
d)
1:40 p.m.
26.
The arrival time of the first earthquake P-wave at a seismograph station was 10:11:20 (hours: minutes: seconds). If the epicenter of the earthquake is 8000 km away, what was the approximate arrival time of the first S-wave from this earthquake?
a)
10:02:00
b)
10:09:20
c)
10:20:40
d)
10:32:00
27.
An earthquake occurs at 12:02 p.m. A seismic station records the first S-wave at 12:19 p.m. Which set of data shows the approximate arrival time of the first P-wave and the distance to the epicenter?
a)
12:11:25 p.m. and 4000 km
b)
12:11:25 p.m. and 6000 km
c)
12:19:40 p.m. and 4000 km
d)
12:19:40 p.m. and 6000 km
28.
The natural sandblasting (abrasion) of surface bedrock in a desert region is the result of
a)
wind erosion
b)
wave erosion
c)
mass movement
d)
chemical precipitation
29.
A river’s velocity slows from 100 to 50 centimeters per second at a point in its channel. Which statement best describes the transport and deposition of particles at this point?
a)
Clay, silt, sand, pebbles, and smaller cobbles stay in transport; some cobbles are deposited.
b)
Clay, silt, sand, and smaller pebbles stay in transport; some pebbles are deposited.
c)
Clay, silt, and smaller sand stay in transport; some sand is deposited
d)
Clay and smaller silt stay in transport; some silt is deposited.
30.
A group hiking in the Catskill region of New York State finds several large boulders composed of metamorphic rock. These boulders most likely resulted from the weathering of bedrock formed in the
a)
Catskills, and were transported to their present location by mass movement
b)
Catskills, and were transported to their present location by glaciers
c)
Adirondack Mountains, and were transported to their present location by mass movement
d)
Adirondack Mountains, and were transported to their present location by glaciers
31.
Which rock weathers most rapidly when exposed to acid rain?
a)
quartzite
b)
granite
c)
basalt
d)
limestone
32.
On earth, the predominate agent of erosion is
a)
wave action
b)
moving ice 
c)
running water 
d)
moving air
33.
The formation of soil is primarily the result of
a)
stream erosion and mass movement
b)
stream deposition and runoff
c)
precipitation and wind erosion
d)
weathering and biological activity
34.
What occurs when a rock is crushed into a pile of fragments?
a)
The total surface area decreases and chemical composition changes. 
b)
The total surface area decreases and chemical composition remains the same. 
c)
The total surface area increases and chemical composition changes. 
d)
The total surface area increases and chemical composition remains the same.
35.
Alternating parallel bands of normal and reversed magnetic polarity are found in the basaltic bedrock on either side of the
a)
Mid-Atlantic Ridge
b)
Yellowstone Hot Spot
c)
San Andreas Fault
d)
Peru-Chile Trench
36.
When two tectonic plates collide, oceanic crust usually subducts beneath continental crust because oceanic crust is primarily composed of igneous rock that has
a)
low density and is mafic
b)
low density and is felsic
c)
high density and is mafic
d)
high density and is felsic
37.
An earthquake’s magnitude can be determined by
a)
analyzing the seismic waves recorded by a seismograph
b)
calculating the depth of the earthquake faulting
c)
calculating the time the earthquake occurred
d)
comparing the speed of P-waves and S-waves
38.
Hot springs on the ocean floor near the mid-ocean ridges provide evidence that
a)
convection currents exist in the asthenosphere 
b)
meteor craters are found beneath the oceans 
c)
climate change has melted huge glaciers 
d)
marine fossils have been uplifted to high elevations
39.
The change in life-forms in the fossil record from less complex organisms to more complex organisms over time is best explained by
a)
extinction
b)
evolution
c)
dynamic equilibrium
d)
original horizontality
40.
Equal masses of basalt, granite, iron, and copper received the same amount of solar energy during the day. At night, which of these materials cooled down at the fastest rate?
a)
basalt
b)
granite
c)
iron
d)
copper
41.
The pressure at the interface between Earth’s outer core and inner core is inferred to be
a)
0.2 million atmosphere
b)
1.5 million atmospheres
c)
3.1 million atmospheres
d)
3.6 million atmospheres
42.
 The greatest amount of transpiration and evaporation will occur most likely when the air temperature is
a)
low and the humidity is low
b)
 low and the humidity is high 
c)
high and the humidity is low
d)
high and the humidity is high
43.
 A volcanic ash layer between sedimentary rock layers is used by geologists to
a)
determine Earth’s absolute age
b)
predict global warming
c)
locate an earthquake epicenter
d)
correlate widely separated rock formations
44.
In which region of the electromagnetic spectrumis most of Earth’s outgoing terrestrial radiation?
a)
infrared
b)
visible
c)
ultraviolet
d)
x-rays
45.
Earth’s magnetic field has reversed itself several times during the past. This pattern of magnetic reversal is best preserved in
a)
metamorphic bedrock in mountain ranges
b)
 bedrock with fossils containing radioactive carbon-14
c)
layers of sedimentary bedrock of the Grand Canyon
d)
igneous bedrock of the oceanic crust
46.
New York State bedrock of which age contains salt, gypsum, and hematite?
a)
Cambrian
b)
Devonian
c)
 Mississippian
d)
Silurian
47.
Which organisms were alive when New York State was last covered by a continental ice sheet?
a)
Eurypterus and Cooksonia
b)
Aneurophyton and Naples Tree
c)
mastodont and Beluga whale
d)
Coelophysis and Elliptocephala
48.
Seismic station A is 5000 kilometers from the epicenter. What is the difference between the arrival time of the first P-wave and the arrival time of the first S-wave recorded at this station?
a)
2 minutes 20 seconds
b)
 6 minutes 40 seconds
c)
8 minutes 20 seconds
d)
15 minutes 00 second
49.

Arrows in the diagram above show three methods of energy transfer labeled A, B, and C. Which list correctly identifies the energy transfer processes A, B, and C?

a)

A - conduction

B- convection

C - radiation

b)

A - convection

B - conduction

C - radiation

c)

A - convection

B - radiation

C - conduction

d)

A - conduction

B - radiation

C - convection

50.

The diagram below represents the light spectra given off by the same element as observed under two different conditions. Spectrum A was observed when that element was heated in a laboratory. Spectrum B shows the same element as seen in the light from a distant star. The light spectrum observed from this distant star shows a

a)

red shift, which indicates that the star is moving away from Earth

b)

red shift, which indicates that the star is moving toward Earth

c)

blue shift, which indicates that the star is moving away from Earth

d)

blue shift, which indicates that the star is moving toward Earth

51.

Equal areas of which surface would absorb the greatest amount of insolation on a sunny day?

a)

light-colored, smooth surface

b)

light-colored, rough surface

c)

dark-colored, smooth surface

d)

dark-colored, rough surface

52.

The photograph shows the results of a landslide. This landslide is an example of

a)

wind abrasion

b)

glacial deposition

c)

wave action

d)

mass movement

53.

Compared to the density and composition of the oceanic crust, the continental crust is

a)

less dense and more mafic

b)

less dense and more felsic

c)

more dense and less mafic

d)

more dense and less felsic

54.

The aerial photograph below shows two streams that have been displaced by tectonic movement along the San Andreas fault. The arrows show the relative direction of movement along the fault. This movement occurred along which type of plate boundary?

a)

convergent

b)

divergent

c)

transform

d)

complex

55.

Which mineral is commonly used as an abrasive?

a)

garnet

b)

halite

c)

sulfur

d)

graphite

56.

The block diagram represents a meandering stream. Which table indicates where the greatest stream velocity and the greatest rate of stream erosion occur?

a)
b)
c)
d)
57.

The diagrams below represent the crystal shape and type of cleavage of two different minerals. The crystal shape and type of cleavage of these two minerals are determined mainly by the minerals’

a)

color and type of luster

b)

streak and hardness

c)

composition and atomic arrangement

d)

density and magnetism

58.

The diagram represents the size and shape of a pebble. This pebble and 20 other pebbles having a similar size and shape were placed in a rock tumbler with water and allowed to abrade for five days. Which diagram best represents the size and shape of this pebble after the five-day period?

a)
b)
c)
d)
59.

Base your answer on the geologic cross section of a portion of Earth’s crust shown and on your knowledge of Earth science. None of the rock units has been overturned.


The youngest rock unit shown in the cross section is

a)

breccia

b)

conglomerate

c)

sandstone

d)

shale

60.

Base your answer on the geologic cross section of a portion of Earth’s crust shown and on your knowledge of Earth science. None of the rock units has been overturned.


Which sequence shows the relative ages of the gabbro, granite, and schist from oldest to youngest?

a)

gabbro —› granite —› schist

b)

gabbro —› schist —› granite

c)

schist —› granite —› gabbro

d)

schist —› gabbro —› granite

61.

Urbanization affects the amount of vegetation and runoff in an area by

a)

decreasing vegetation and decreasing runoff

b)

decreasing vegetation and increasing runoff

c)

increasing vegetation and decreasing runoff

d)

increasing vegetation and increasing runoff

62.

Which cross section best represents the profile of the bottom of the river between points X and Y at location A?

a)
b)
c)
d)
63.

The cross section shown represents a lithospheric plate boundary.


In which diagram do the arrows show the relative directions of plate movement at this type of plate boundary?

a)
b)
c)
d)
64.

Which two minerals are commercial sources of iron?

a)

galena and graphite

b)

muscovite mica and biotite mica

c)

garnet and fluorite

d)

hematite and magnatite

65.

The diagram shown represents cross sections of equal-size beakers A, B, and C filled with beads.


Which statement best compares the porosity in the three beakers?

a)

Beaker A and beaker B have the same porosity, and beaker C has the least porosity

b)

Beaker A and beaker B have the same porosity, and beaker C has the greatest porosity.

c)

Beaker B has the greatest porosity, beaker A has less porosity, and beaker C has the least porosity

d)

Beaker C has the greatest porosity, beaker B has less porosity, and beaker A has the least porosity.

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