During 1848, Italy was separated into many states. Cavour worked to unify the North then helped Giuseppe Garibaldi unify the South staring with Sicily. Garibaldi eventually stepped aside and handed over all of Southern Italy to Victor Emmanuel II (King of Sardinia) rule all of the now unified Italy

Political realism or practical politics, especially policy based on power rather than on ideals.

speech by German Chancellor Otto von Bismarck given in 1862 about the unification of the German territories.

domination by one country of the political, economic, or cultural life of another country or region

Term given for the rapid invasion of Africa by the various European powers. This began imperialism in Africa.

A meeting from 1884-1885 at which representatives of European nations agreed on rules colonization of Africa

1800s belief that Americans had the right to spread across the continent.

Long revolutionary process in the period 1912-1949 that began with the overthrow of the Chinese imperial system and ended with the triumph of the Communist Party under the leadership of Mao Zedong.

A series of wars fought between France (led by Napoleon Bonaparte) and alliances involving England and Prussia and Russia and Austria at different times (1799-1812).

a war between China and Japan for influence, power, and territory

The japanese system of centralized government under a shogun, who exercised actual power while the emperor was reduced to a figurehead.

The political program that followed the destruction of the Tokugawa Shogunate in 1868, in which a collection of young leaders set Japan on the path of centralization, industrialization, and imperialism.

1899 rebellion in Beijing, China started by a secret society of Chinese who opposed the "foreign devils". The rebellion was ended by British troops.

The revolt of Indian soldiers in 1857 against certain practices that violated religious customs; also known as the Sepoy Mutiny.

A conflict between Britain and China, lasting from 1839 to 1842, over Britain's opium trade in China

Chinese nationalist revolutionary, founder and leader of the Guomindang until his death. He attempted to create a liberal democratic political movement in China but was thwarted by military leaders.

Commodore of the US Navy who opened up Japan with the Treaty of Kanagawa

The revolution against the Tsarist government which led to the abdication of Nicholas II and the creation of a provisional government in March 1917.

Elected consultative parliament formed by Tsar

A principle of US policy that any intervention by external powers in the politics of the Americas is a potentially hostile act against the US.