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WorksheetsPathology project
Total questions: 140
Worksheet time: 1hrs 27mins
Addison's disease affects males and females_____ and can be diagnosed in any age group.
equally
the same
differently
Conn's syndrome is caused by an excessive secretion of?
(a)
What is the name of the lesions that produce no clinical symptoms when the lesion is small?
adrenal cortex
adrenal hyperplasia
adrenal cysts
adrenal glands
This is very rare in adults and is usually caused by severe trauma or infection.
adrenal adenoma
hypertension
adrenal insufficiency
adrenal hemorrhage
What is the most common primary adrenal tumor?
neurblastomas
benign nonfunctioning adenoma
adrenal cyst
metastasis
Adrenal nodules are less than?
4cm
3mm
3cm
4mm
What is the fourth most common site in the body for metastasis, after the lung, liver, and bones?
adrenal glands
kidneys
pancreas
duodenum
Metastases to the adrenal gland typically causes________?
adrenal adenoma
muscle weakness
adrenal hyperplasia
adrenal insufficiency
Addison's disease is characterized by (a) with decreased production of cortisol and sometimes aldosterone.
What is another name for retroperitoneal fibrosis?
(a)
This is an idiopathic condition characterized by thick sheets of fibrous tissue in the retroperitoneal cavity.
adrenocortical insufficiency
adrenal cortex
adrenal cysts
Retroperitoneal fibrosis
What are the clinical signs and symptoms of adrenogenital syndrome?
Symptoms and signs vary depending on the age and sex of the person
hypertension, muscle weakness, renal stones
irregular menses, hypertension, deepening voice
none of the above
What are the signs of adrenogenital syndrome in a new born?
depends on the sex of the newborn
There are no signs
ambiguous genitalia, with or without adrenal hyperplasia
What are the affects of adrenogenital syndrome on an adult woman?
(a)
What are the clinical signs and symptoms of Conn's syndrome? Check all that apply.
Muscle weakness
hypertension
Abnormal electrocardiograms
masculinizing affects
If hyperaldosteronism is caused by an adenoma, it is (a) ?
What is the size of functional adrenal adenomas?
usually large, and hyperechoic
usually small, and hyperechoic
usually large, and hypoechoic
usually small, and hypoechoic
What are the causes of Cushing's syndrome? Check all that apply
excessive secretion of cortisol
adrenal hyperplasia
cortical adenoma
adrenal carcinoma
elevated ACTH
Cushing's syndrome can also be caused by (a) ?
Who is affected most by adrenal cysts?
men are more often affected than women
women are more often affected than men
children are more often affected than adults
Sonographic appearance of adrenal cysts, check all that apply.
typical cystic pattern
strong posterior wall
no internal echoes
good through transmission
What organs can be found in the anterior pararenal space?
pancreas
kidneys
duodenal sweep
ascending colon
transverse colon
What is another name for Addison's disease?
(a)
What is the most common primary retroperitoneal tumor?
adrenal cysts
pituitary tumor
lymphoma
adrenal adenoma
What is the arrow pointing to?
(a)
What is the second most common primary retroperitoneal tumor(PRT)?
Leiomyosarcoma
Adrenal adenoma
Pituitary adenoma
What is the sonographic appearance of a leiomyosarcoma? Check all that apply.
large complex mass
some areas have necrosis
cystic degeneration
strong posterior wall
(a) are seen more commonly in childhood and are usually located in the upper pole of the left kidney.
What does this image represent?
(a)
Adrenal cysts may be ______, _______, or _______?
multilocular
functional
unilocular
unilateral
What is more common in neonates who experience traumatic delivery with stress, asphyxia, and septicemia?
adrenal hemorrhage
adrenal glands
adrenal insufficiency
Adrenal glands in a neonate are very (a) ?
Adrenal tumors can cause what 3 things?
Cushing's syndrome
Conn's syndrome
adrenal hemorrhage
adrenogenital syndrome
Metastases to the adrenal gland typically causes_____?
Cushing's syndrome
neuroblastomas
pheochromocytoma
adrenal insufficiency
Pheochromocytes of the adrenal medulla may produce a tumor called a_______, which secretes epinephrine and norepinephrine in excessive quantities.
pheochromocytoma
cyst
lymph node
neurblastoma
Pheochromocytoma clinical symptoms:
intermittent hypertension
severe headaches
heart palpations
excess perspiration
What space do the adrenal glands lie in?
(a)
Blood and lymph nodes belong in which space?
(a)
Clinical symptoms adrenogenital syndrome in prepubescent boys includes:
masculine development
deepening voice
increase in body hair
weight gain
What is the occurrence of Conn's syndrome?
(a)
Hyperplasia is more common in______?
infants
women
men
people over the age of 50
Adrenal adenomas are more common in______?
women
infants
men
people over the age of 50
What space do the kidneys lie in?
(a)
Larger neoplasms tend to be______ and _______ with a central area of necrosis hemorrhage.
(a)
More than 90% of fetal______ are located in the adrenal glands; 50% of these have cystic components.
retroperitoneal fibrosis
pheochromocytoma
lipomas
neurblastomas
What is the most common tumor of infancy?
(a)
Bilateral involvement is seen in more than one half of patients with (a) .
(a) adrenal glands are proportionally larger than in an adult.
Signs and symptoms of adrenogenital syndrome include:
irregular menses
renal stones
hypertension
"buffalo hump"
all of the above
What is caused by either an adrenal tumor or hyperplasia?
Cushing's syndrome
Adrenogenital syndrome
Conn's syndrome
Gastric Bezoar that is made up of vegetable matter:
Trichobezoars
Concretions
Phytobezoars
Phicobazoars
The end product of what the stomach converts food into is called:
(a)
All of the following are Clincals signs and symptoms common with the gastrointestinal problems except:
nausea
diarrhea
inflammation
vomitting
What is being described? This occurs more often in women than men, may come from the pancreas of duodenum, and is usually found on the greater curvature of the stomach.
leiomyosarcoma
duplication cyst
pseudocyst
acute appendicitis
Entrance of the esophagus into the stomach, circular muscle that acts as a sphincter, is generally closed:
cardiac orifice
pyloric sphincter
hepatic flexure
cholecystokinin
What is being described? Pouchlike herniation through the muscular wall of a tubular organ, occurs in the stomach, the small intestine, and most commonly in the colon.
acute appendicitis
crohns disease
polyps
meckel diverticulitis
This is a malignant tumor that can occur as a primary tumor of the gastrointestinal tract and is 3% of stomach tumors:
leiomyosarcoma
lymphoma
gastric carcinoma
metastatic disease
All of the following are parts of the large intestine except:
ileum
rectum
cecum
anus
What is being shown in the picture?
lymphoma
leiomyosarcoma
leiomyoma
mucolocele
All are layers of the bowel except:
mucosa
jejunal
mesothelium
serosa
This is the sixth leading cause of death and occurs more often in older men. Fifty percent of tumors occur on the pylorus while twenty-five percent occur on the body and or fundus of the stomach:
gastric carcinoma
Leiomyosarcoma
lymphoma
mocked diverticulitis
How does the antrum of the stomach lie when compared to the liver? To the Splenic Vein?
anterior, posterior
posterior, posterior
superior, inferior
posterior, anterior
A gross enlargement of the appendix from accumulation of mucoid substance within the lumen:
fecaliths
calculi
mucocele
diverticulum
The valvulae conniventes may be seen as linear echo densities spaced 3 to 5 mm apart. This is called the ____________ and can be seen in the duodenum and jejnum
keyboard sign
cardia orifice
ilocecal orifice
mesothelium
A polyp is a large, tumor like growth that projects from a mucous membrane surface.
true
false (small)
What is/are the main function(s) of the Gastrointestinal tract?
Ingest and Release bile
Mixes chyme with digestive juices
Breaks down food residue and Propels food to stomach
Digestion and Absorption
What are the three types of accessory digestive glands?
Gastric glands, Salivary glands, Gallbladder
salivary glands, pancreas, liver
Liver, Stomach, Intestinal glands
Pancreas, Intestinal glands, Salivary glands
A Gastric Bezoar that contains hair balls in younger women:
Trickebezoars
Concretions
Trichobezoars
Phytobezoars
This is the result of luminal obstruction and inflammation, leading to ischemia of the vermiform appendix:
acute apodicticities
mucolocele
McBurney's sign
Crohn's disease
The digestive or alimentary tract is a tube that is _____ long, and extends from the ______ to the anus.
8m, Pharynx
8m, Mouth
6m, Larynx
12m, Nasopharynx
The gastrointestinal tract is the smallest endocrine organ in the body.
true
false(largest)
Where does the main function absorption mostly take place?
ascending colon
cecum
duodenum
stomach
This is the second most common malignant tumor; it occurs in the fifth to sixth decade of life.
lymphoma
leiomyosarcoma
gastric carcinoma
leiomyoma
This is a regional enteritis, a recurrent granulomatous inflammatory disease that affects the terminal ileum, colon, or both at any level:
duplication cyst
lymphoma
mocked diverticulitis
Crohn's disease
What does the image below show:
metastatic disease
obstruction
dilation
leiomyosarcoma
What are the parts of the small intestine:
Ileum, Jejunum, Transverse colon
Jejunum, Anus, Cecum
Duodenum, Jejunum, Ileum
Sigmoid colon, Duodenum, Vermiform Appendix
The superior mesenteric artery has multiple branches to the small bowel, which include the:
Inferior Pancreaticoduodenal, Splenic, Hepatic arteries
Inferior Pancreaticoduodenal, Jejunal, Ileal arteries
Ileal, Jejunal, Hepatic arteries
Jejunal, Sigmoid, Splenic arteries
__________ is released by the presence of fat in the intestine and regulates gallbladder contraction and gastric emptying.
Electrolytes
Bicarbonate
Secretin
Cholecystokinin
The mass imaged below is generally globular or irregular, it occurs in the fifth to sixth decade of life:
Lymphoma
Meckel Diverticulitis
Leiomyosarcoma
Polyp
Inorganic materials:
Concretions
Trichobezoars
Phytobezoars
Persimmons
Patients are asymptomatic when a polyp is small.
True
False
Carcinomas account for at least 90% to 95% of malignant tumors of the small intestine.
True
False
Located on the abdominal wall under McBurney’s point:
Small
Appendix
cecum
colon
The two surfaces of the stomach are the lesser and greater curvatures.
true
false
What is the function of the esophagus?
Breaks down food residue
Propels food from the oral cavity
Ingest, mixes food
Propels food to the stomach
__________ is released from the small bowel to stimulate the secretion of bicarbonate to decrease the acid content of the intestine.
Secretin
Cholecytokinin
Bile salts
Vitamins
What is the image below showing:
Metastatic Disease
Dilation
Meckel Diverticulitis
Crohn's disease
When pertaining to appendicitis, women ages 20 to 40 years of age are at low risk of having the condition be misdiagnosed on initial physical examination.
True
False
What are the clinical signs and symptoms of a Lymphoma?
Leukocytosis, Weight loss, Nausea
Intestinal blood loss, Leukocytosis, Anorexia, Vomiting
Intestinal blood loss, Weight loss, Abdominal pain, Anorexia
Anorexia, inflammation, Fever
A patient is presented with fever and right lower quadrant pain. What is most likely their diagnosis according to the pictures below:
Acute Appendicitis
Lymphoma
Crohn's Disease
Nephroblastoma
Target or bull’s eye sign:
Colon
Small Bowel
Duodenum
Stomach
Which layers of the bowel are hypoechoic?
Serosa, Mucosa
Submucosa, Serosa
Mesothelium, Submucosa, Muscularis
Serosa, Submucosa, Mucosa
The gastrointestinal tract is part of the digestive system that is ______ the diaphragm.
Above
To the left
To the right
Below
What is the most common tumor of the stomach?
Leiomyoma
Lymphoma
Gastric Carcinoma
Meckel Diverticulitis
High intestinal obstruction-distention, vomiting, abdominal pain, hemorrhage and fistula formation may also occur- What are these clinical symptoms of?
Gastric Bezoar
Appendicitis
Duplication Cyst
Mucocele
What is shown in the following picture?
Poylp
Duplication cyst
Lymphoma
Gastric Bezaor
The most common laboratory datum for the gastrointestinal tract is:
Chronic blood loss
Blood in the stool
Elevation on white blood count
Increase in Carcinoembryonic Antigen
May come from a melanoma or lung or breast cancer:
Gastric Carcinoma
Meckel Diverticulitis
Metastatic Disease
Leiomyoma
The _________ layer of the bowel contains blood vessels and lymph channels.
Serosa
Mucosa
Mesothelium
Submucosa
______ percent of tumors occur in the pylorus, while _____ percent occur in the body and fundus of the stomach.
50,25
75,25
25,50
15,85
Malignant solid tumors are more likely found near the (a) of the mesentery.
What are lymphoceles?
Collection of fluid that occurs after surgery in the pelvis, retroperitoneum, or recess cavities.
Air interference may make it difficult to examine the
left upper quadrant.
Extrahepatic loculated collections of bi
Epiploic foramen usually seals off the lesser sac from inflammatory processes extrinsic to it.
At least ___ of omental masses are malignant
2/3
1/3
1/2
3/4
Which of the following are pathways that bacteria can enter the liver and cause abscess formation?
Through the portal system
By way of ascending cholangitis of the common bile duct
via the hepatic artery secondary to bacteremia
By direct extension from an infection
All the above
What may develop because of iatrongenic, traumatic, or spontaneous rupture of the biliary tree?
Lesser-Sac abscess
Subphrenic abscess
Kidney abscess
Biloma abscess
TRUE or FALSE
Renal abscesses are classified according to their location
True
False
Decrease hematocrit level and red blood count usually suggest extrperitoneal hematoma
True
False
What are the 3 neoplasms of the abdominal wall?
Pseudocyst, Pancreatic Abscess, Gastric Outlet Obstruction
Kidney Abscess, Renal carbuncle, Perinephric abscess
Lipomas, Desmoid Tumors, Metastases
TRUE or FALSE
The most common areas of weakness for an abdominal hernia is the stomach
True
False
What does an incomplete regression of the uraschus during development cause?
Abdominal Cyst
Urinoma
Lymphoceles
Urachal Cyst
What are the most common primary sites for peritoneal metastases?
Ovaries
Stomach
Colon
Liver
Exhibits a uniformly thick, hypo-echoic, band-shaped structure that follows the convexity of the anterior and lateral abdominal wall, creating the omental band
(a)
What does the sandwich sign represent?
Symmetry of the rectus sheath muscles
A mass infiltrating the mesenteric leaves and encasing the superior mesenteric artery
The contour of the underlying bowel and conform to the anterior
abdominal wall rather than produce distention
which of these are within the peritoneal cavity?
Lesser and greater omentum
Mesenteries
Ligaments
Multiple fluid spaces (lesser sac, perihepatic and subphrenic spaces)
all the above
which of the following statements describes the visceral peritoneum?
lines the walls of the cavity
a smooth membrane that lines the entire abdominal cavity and is reflected over the contained organs
covers the abdominal organs to a greater or lesser extent
multiple peritoneal ligaments and folds that connect the viscera to each other and to the abdominopelvic walls
in supine, what is the lowest part of the body?
pelvis
feet
head
abdomen
what should be examined for pathologic fluid collection?
suprahepatic spaces
rectovesicle pouch
pelvis and lateral flanks (gutters)
infrahepatic spaces
All of the following statements are true of the greater omentum EXCEPT?
Helps prevent further spread of infected fluid by essentially “walling it off” from the rest of the body
Profusely supplied with blood vessels by the epiploic branches of the gastroepiploic vessels
Apronlike fold of peritoneum that hangs from the greater curvature of the stomach
Double layer of peritoneum, extending from the liver to the lesser curvature of the stomach
CHECK ALL THAT APPLY:
why is Distinguishing intraperitoneal fluid from pleural, subdiaphragmatic, subscapular, or retroperitoneal fluid necessary?
for a differential diagnosis
to locate a fluid pocket for aspiration or biopsy
for measurements
for a better image
all of the following findings would suggest inflammatory or malignant ascites EXCEPT:
Fine or coarse internal echoes
Cystic with weak internal echoes or a fluid-fluid level if clots or debris are not present
Unusual distribution, matting, or clumping of bowel loops
Thickening of interfaces between the fluid and neighboring structures
what are the factors that contribute to the formation of hepatorenal fluid collections?
Generalized ascites
Inflammatory fluid from acute cholecystitis
Fluid resulting from pancreatic autolysis
Blood from a ruptured hepatic neoplasm or ectopic gestation
all the above
which of the following statements defines an Abscess?
collections of fluid within the liver that mimic loculated subphrenic fluid
a cavity formed by necrosis within a solid tissue or a circumscribed collection of purulent material
extrahepatic loculated collections of bile
Encapsulated collection of urine
CHECK ALL THAT APPLY:
what are the differential diagnoses for a lesser-sac abscess?
pseudocyst
pancreatic abscess
gastric outlet obstruction
fluid-filled stomach
CHECK ALL THAT APPLY:
types of kidney abscesses
Renal carbuncle
Perinephric abscess
Biloma Abscess
Subphrenic Abscess
Benign solid tumors are more often found in the (a) near the bowel.
origins of abdominal cysts include:
Embryologic
Traumatic or acquired
Neoplastic
Infective and degenerative origins
what statement best defines a urinoma?
Collection of blood between the bladder and lower-uterine segment, resulting from a lower-uterine transverse cesarean section and bleeding from the uterine vessels
Collection of fluid that occurs after surgery in the pelvis, retroperitoneum, or recess cavities
extrahepatic loculated collections of bile
Encapsulated collection of urine
TRUE or FALSE
Symmetry of the rectus sheath muscles is a key factor in determining whether an abdominal wall mass is present
True
False
what is the cause of a Subfascial Hematoma?
a disruption of the inferior epigastric vessels or their branches during a cesarean section
displacement of organs
accumulation of fluid
hypertension
inflammatory lesion masses generally are very _____ and easy to locate and needle aspirate with ultrasound guidance?
superficial
deep
a benign fibrous neoplasm of aponeurotic structures is known as a?
(a)
TRUE or FALSE
the following statements defines an abdominal hernia
"Protrusion of a peritoneal-lined sac through a defect in the weakened abdominal wall"
True
False
CHECK ALL THAT APPLY:
what are the most common areas of weakness for an abdominal hernia?
femoral and inguinal rings
peritoneal cavity
abdominal wall
umbilical areas
which of the following is a sonographic finding of an urachal cyst?
Many appear predominantly fluid-filled with irregular borders; they can also be complex with debris floating within the cystic mass, or they may show a more solid pattern
Loculated ascites tends to be more irregular in outline, show less mass effect, and may change shape slightly with positional variations
Cystic mass is found between the umbilicus and the bladder; the mass may be small or giant, multiseptated, and extend into the upper abdomen
Sharp margins
Sonographic findings for abscess collections include all of the following EXCEPT:
Texture varies, depending on the length of time the abscess has been forming and the space available for the abscess to localize.
Many appear predominantly fluid-filled with irregular borders; they can also be complex with debris floating within the cystic mass, or they may show a more solid pattern.
If the collection is in pelvis, careful analysis of bowel patterns and peristalsis should be made in an attempt to separate the bowel from the abscess collection.
Generally, they appear as a densely echogenic mass with or without acoustic shadowing and otherwise increased through-transmission
The accumulation of serous fluid in the peritoneal cavity is known as ?
Hepatorenal Recess
ascities
Abscess
Peritonitis
what does the amount of intraperitoneal fluid depend on?
(a)
CHECK ALL THAT APPLY:
If an abscess is suspected the sonographer should evaluate which of the following areas:
Subdiaphragmatic area (liver and spleen)
Morison’s pouch
Greater omentum
Splenorenal Ligament
TRUE OR FALSE:
Subfascial Hematoma's develop from cellular implantation across the peritoneal cavity
True
False
which of the following statements is a true sonographic appearance for desmoid tumors
reverberation artifact
irregular and ill-defined walls
echogenic to hyerechoic
Peritoneal lining not seen as a distinct structure unless it is thickened
