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WorksheetsTopic 6 Animal Physiology
Total questions: 102
Worksheet time: 4hrs 57mins
The micrograph is of a longitudinal section through the small intestine. Which letter represents the circular muscle layer?
A
B
C
D
Which part of the body secretes amylase, lipase and endopeptidase for use in the digestion of food?
Mouth
Pancreas
Stomach
Small intestine
Where in the human body is lipase produced?
Stomach
Pancreas
Gall bladder
Liver
What are these structures?
Fatty acids in the small intestine
Bacteria in the large intestine
Villi in the small intestine
Feces egested from the large intestine
Which products are formed by the action of the enzymes protease and amylase?
A
B
C
D
The photomicrograph drawing shows a longitudinal section of the small intestine. What is the function of the tissue layers labelled X and Y?
Secretion of digestive enzymes
Absorption of digested food
Transport of absorbed foods
Movement of food in the intestine
The diagram shows the human digestive system. Which organ is responsible for the majority of the absorption of digested food?
A
B
C
D
Bacteria from chicken feces can cause a loss of intestinal villi in small children who happen to eat dirt in rural villages. Which effect could be expected from such a loss of villi?
Insufficient absorption of starch
Failure to digest dietary fibre
Malnutrition
An increase in microvilli
The micrograph shows part of a cell. Which principal function is this cell likely to have, as judged by its cell structure and organelles?
High rate of protein processing
High rate of absorption
High rate of photosynthesis
High rate of movement
The diagram shows the human digestive system. Where are lipids digested?
A
B
C
D
Which is a process occurring in the small intestine?
A
B
C
D
Glucose is absorbed through protein channels in the plasma membrane of epithelium cells in the small intestine. Which characteristics of glucose prevent its diffusion through the phospholipid bilayer?
It is non-polar and therefore hydrophobic.
Its hydrogen bonds link with amino acids in the protein channel.
It is polar and therefore hydrophilic.
Its covalent bonds interact with the phospholipids.
Which organ in the human body secretes lipase, amylase and protease?
Pancreas
Liver
Gall bladder
Small intestine
Where does the digestion of polypeptides start in humans?
Mouth
Esophagus
Stomach
Small intestine
Where is absorption of digested food carried out?
I. Villi
II. Pancreas
III. Small intestine
I only
I and II only
I and III only
I, II and III
What is the main method of transport of monosaccharides such as fructose across the intestinal epithelium?
Osmosis
Facilitated diffusion
Endocytosis
Active transport
The diagram shows the layers of the tissues in a transverse section of the human small intestine. Which is the layer labelled with the letter X?
Mucosa
Circular muscle
Epithelium
Longitudinal muscle
What happens to starch in the small intestine?
Endopeptidase secreted by the liver digests starch to enable absorption by the villi.
Contraction of intestinal muscle mixes starch with enzymes to accelerate its conversion into amylose.
Glycogen secreted by the pancreas hydrolyses starch into glucose, which is eventually transported to the liver.
Amylase secreted by the pancreas digests starch to enable absorption by the villi.
In which process is “surface area” of key importance for humans?
Reabsorption of glucose in the proximal convoluted tubule
Release of surfactants by type I pneumocytes
Display of antibodies by red blood cells
Secretion of enzymes by villi of the small intestine
What structures in the small intestine transport most fats?
Collecting ducts
Capillaries
Veins
Lacteals
What are functions of the stomach, small intestine and large intestine?
A
B
C
D
The graph shows a correlation between the number of new cases of stomach cancer and vegetable consumption for women in Poland. What can be stated from the graph?
Vegetable consumption causes stomach cancer
68 % of the data are gathered around the trend line
Causality cannot be stated from the graph alone
Only that the correlation is positive
Some egg white protein was heated until it turned solid. It was then cooled and cut into four cubes of equal size. Each cube was placed in a test tube containing water and a peptidase which was extracted from the stomach of a mammal. Hydrochloric acid was added to two of the tubes. The tubes were kept at constant temperature for 30 minutes. In which tube was the cube of egg white smallest after 30 minutes?
A
B
C
D
What are functions of the stomach, small intestine and large intestine?
A
B
C
D
Colonic irrigation involves regularly flushing the large intestine with water. Why should this practice be avoided?
The large intestine absorbs water.
Vitamin-producing bacteria are eliminated.
It will stimulate the production of toxins.
Undigested remains of food are removed.
Which vessel carries deoxygenated blood away from the heart?
Aorta
Pulmonary artery
Vena cava
Pulmonary vein
When intense physical activity is anticipated, which factor in the blood will increase the frequency of sinoatrial signals to heart muscle?
pH
Oxygen level
Thyroxin
Epinephrine
How are fats and cholesterol transported in the blood?
As groups of molecules inside vesicles
As individual molecules coated in phospholipids
As individual molecules bound to a protein
As groups of molecules in lipoprotein complexes
In which blood vessel connected to the heart does blood have the lowest carbon dioxide concentration?
Pulmonary vein
Vena cava
Pulmonary artery
Coronary vein
What helps to keep blood flowing onwards away from the heart in an artery?
Valves
Elastic fibres
Contraction of skeletal muscles
Having a wide lumen
What is a feature of the left atrium?
Epinephrine decreases its rate of contraction.
It contracts as the left ventricle contracts.
It receives blood from the left pulmonary artery.
Its pressure decreases as the left ventricle fills up.
The diagram shows the human heart. Which shows the sequence of blood flow in the heart?
III - IV - I
IV - III - II
VII - VIII - I
VIII - VII - VI
What is the position of heart valves when blood pressure is highest in the aorta?
A
B
C
D
The diagram shows changes of pressure during the cardiac cycle. Which is an explanation of the processes happening?
During phase I, pressure in the left ventricle decreases while it increases in the aorta during contraction of the left atrium.
In phase II, pressure rises in the aorta because the left ventricle is contracting.
In phase III, pressure decreases in the aorta because the left atrium is relaxing.
In phase III, there is a constant increase of pressure in the aorta as both left atrium and ventricle are at rest.
Which discovery was an indication that the heart pumps blood to the body through arteries?
The amount of blood pumped exceeds that of blood produced
Blood could easily be pushed up a limb vein, but not down
The observation that there were pores between the right and left atria
The heart swelled up when the arteries were tied in an animal experiment
Which is a valid comparison between arteries and veins?
A
B
C
D
What causes heart ventricles to fill with blood?
I. Atrial contraction
II. Closing of atrioventricular valves
III. Opening of semilunar valves
I only
I and II only
II and III only
III only
When the left ventricle is relaxed, what is the state of the valves?
A
B
C
D
What is a role of the coronary arteries?
To supply information about blood temperature to the hypothalamus
To supply the heart muscle with oxygen and nutrients
To carry blood away from the heart
To monitor blood pH
Which factors could cause emphysema?
I. Air pollution
II. Genetic predisposition
III. Tobacco smoke
I and II only
I and III only
II and III only
I, II and III
In premature babies born earlier than the 30th week of pregnancy, type II pneumocytes are usually not fully developed, so they do not carry out their function normally. What is a possible consequence of this?
The number of alveoli reduces.
The size of the alveoli increases.
Capillary networks do not develop fully and oxygen is not absorbed.
Surface tension between alveoli does not decrease and the alveoli stick together.
What is produced by type II pneumocytes?
Epinephrine
Elastase
Pulmonary surfactant
Alpha 1-antitrypsin
How are the insides of alveoli prevented from sticking together?
A
B
C
D
What is the role of type II pneumocytes?
To carry out gas exchange
To keep the alveoli moist
To increase surface tension
To maintain partial pressures of gases
Which type of cell is specialized to facilitate gas exchange?
Type I pneumocytes
Type II pneumocytes
Internal intercostal muscle fibres
External intercostal muscle fibres
Where does gas exchange occur in the lungs?
In type I pneumocytes
In the bronchioles
In the veins surrounding the alveoli
In the surfactants
The graph shows the ventilation rate and the oxygen consumption of a subject before, during and after a period of exercise. Which could be a reason for the oxygen consumption to remain high for some time after the end of the period of exercise?
Epinephrine keeps the ventilation rate high.
Part of the exercise was done using anaerobic respiration.
A low ventilation rate keeps the consumption high.
More ATP is necessary for cross bridge formation while muscles cool down.
What is the purpose of pulmonary surfactant?
Promotes capillary growth
Decreases surface tension
Adheres alveoli and capillaries
Stretches the inside surface of the alveoli
Which conditions are correct for inspiration?
A
B
C
D
What changes take place in the thorax during inhalation?
A
B
C
D
The image shows a section of the human respiratory system. Which letter identifies a bronchiole?
A
B
C
D
The graph shows an action potential. What is the threshold potential for this cell?
-80 mV
–70 mV
–55 mV
40 mV
The diagram shows a graph of an action potential.
What is happening at X?
Sodium channels close.
Calcium channels open.
Sodium channels open.
Potassium channels close.
The diagram shows a motor neuron. What are the biochemical nature and function of the myelin sheath?
The myelin sheath is mainly protein which allows growth of the axon.
The myelin sheath is mainly protein which acts as membrane carriers.
The myelin sheath is mainly lipid which allows saltatory conduction.
The myelin sheath is mainly lipid which provides an energy source.
The diagram shows a neural synapse in the central nervous system of a honey bee (Apis mellifera). How do neonicotinoid pesticides cause paralysis and death of honey bees?
They destroy I.
They bind to II.
They inhibit the release of III.
They block the activity of IV.
The image shows a neuron. Which letter shows the myelin sheath?
A
B
C
D
The diagram shows an action potential moving along a neuron. Which part of the diagram represents depolarization?
A
B
C
D
Common pesticides used by gardeners contain neonicotinoids. What is the effect of a neonicotinoid pesticide on the transmission of a nerve impulse between neurons in an insect?
It prevents the release of acetylcholine from the presynaptic membrane.
It widens the synaptic cleft so diffusion of acetylcholine across the gap is slower.
It irreversibly binds with acetylcholine receptors on the postsynaptic membrane.
It interferes with the enzymatic breakdown of acetylcholine by acetylcholinesterase.
How does potassium move across the membrane of a neuron during repolarization?
Simple diffusion
Facilitated diffusion
Endocytosis
Active transport
Neurons transmit electrical impulses. Which statement describes part of this process?
K+ ions are pumped out of the cell to depolarize the membrane.
Ion channels let K+ diffuse into the cell to depolarize the membrane.
Na+ ions are pumped into the cell to repolarize the membrane.
Ion channels let Na+ diffuse into the cell to depolarize the membrane.
Which structure in the motor neuron is required for saltatory conduction?
A
B
C
D
What happens when an action potential reaches motor end plates?
Calcium ions are absorbed by the muscle fibres.
The sarcomeres relax.
Neurotransmitter is released.
Action potential is passed to the neuron.
The diagram below shows part of the membrane of a neuron. What stage of the action potential does it depict?
Depolarization
Repolarization
Resting potential
Hyperpolarization
Neurotransmitters are released into the synaptic cleft from the presynaptic neuron and travel to a receptor on the postsynaptic neuron membrane. Which processes are required for this to happen?
A
B
C
D
If schizophrenia is caused by an overabundance of the neurotransmitters dopamine and serotonin in the synapses of some areas of the brain, which drug action could work in treating the symptoms?
Release of cholinesterase into the synaptic cleft
Increased re-uptake of dopamine and serotonin by presynaptic neurons
Increased permeability of the presynaptic neuron to sodium
Blockage of dopamine and serotonin receptors on presynaptic neurons
What is essential for conduction of nerve impulses to be saltatory?
Wrapping of myelin around the axon
Reaching the threshold potential in dendrites
Pumping potassium ions into the neuron
Releasing a neurotransmitter at the synapse
What is the mechanism of sodium-potassium pumps in neurons that generates a resting potential by active transport?
K+ from cytoplasm binds to the pump and stimulates its phosphorylation by ATP.
Phosphorylation of the pump causes its shape change in order to move Na+ into the cytoplasm.
K+ from inside the cell binds to the pump and causes the release of the phosphate group.
Na+ from cytoplasm binds to the pump and stimulates its phosphorylation by ATP.
What happens first when a neurotransmitter binds to a postsynaptic neuron?
Ions diffuse
Electrophoresis begins
Ca2+ channels open
Repolarization
What happens during synaptic transmission?
K+ enters the postsynaptic membrane.
A neurotransmitter is absorbed through the presynaptic membrane.
Na+ is released from the presynaptic membrane.
A neurotransmitter binds to a postsynaptic membrane receptor.
What is the role of the hormone leptin?
To regulate the metabolic rate
To inhibit appetite
To control circadian rhythms
To increase blood sugar concentration
On the graph, which curve represents the change in FSH levels during the menstrual cycle?
A
B
C
D
The diagram shows the human female reproductive system. What is produced by structure X?
FSH
X chromosomes
Fertilized eggs
Estrogen and progesterone
Which hormone is part of a negative feedback control system and acts on cells in the hypothalamus?
Insulin
Glucagon
Melatonin
Leptin
The diagram shows the human female reproductive system. Which labels indicate where fertilization occurs and where luteinizing hormone (LH) acts?
Fertilization happens at 1; LS acts at 3
Fertilization happens at 2; LS acts at 5
Fertilization happens at 3; LS acts at 4
Fertilization happens at 1; LS acts at 5
The diagram shows the human male reproductive system. Which numbers indicate a gland providing fluid for sperm and a tube that transports sperm only?
1 is the gland that provides fluid for sperm. 2 is the tube that transports sperm only.
5 is the gland that provides fluid for sperm. 3 is the tube that transports sperm only.
4 is the gland that provides fluid for sperm. 3 is the tube that transports sperm only.
5 is the gland that provides fluid for sperm. 2 is the tube that transports sperm only.
The hormones insulin, glucagon, thyroxin and leptin can all affect energy storage in the body. Which hormone increases the rate of energy release and use?
Insulin
Glucagon
Thyroxin
Leptin
What helps to regulate the levels of glucose in blood?
Insulin and glucagon
Kidneys and liver
Glycogen and insulin
Digestion and respiration
Which hormone controls metabolic rate?
Glucagon
Insulin
Thyroxin
Melatonin
Which pituitary hormones regulate the human menstrual cycle?
FSH and LH
Progesterone and estrogen
HCG and estrogen
FSH and oxytocin
After 8 hours of sleep and before eating, which hormone will be secreted and what cells secrete it?
A
B
C
D
What hormone controls the metabolic rate of body cells?
Insulin
Leptin
Melatonin
Thyroxin
Which hormone is matched with its site of production and its role?
A
B
C
D
What releases leptin?
Thyroid gland
Hypothalamus
Pineal gland
Adipose tissue
Which hormone inhibits appetite?
Epinephrine
Leptin
Thyroxin
Glucagon
What is the name and source of the hormone that regulates basal metabolic rate?
A
B
C
D
The graph shows changes in an individual’s blood glucose concentration over time. What hormones were secreted at J and K?
epinepherine at J and insulin at K
insulin at J and glucagon at K
glucagon at J and insulin at K
thyroxine at J and epinepherine at K
Which hormone promotes the thickening of the endometrium and also inhibits the hormone that promotes the development of the follicle wall into the corpus luteum?
LH
Progesterone
FSH
Estrogen
The diagram shows the male reproductive organs in front view. Which structures are indicated by the letters X, Y and Z?
X - sperm duct; Y - seminal vesicle; Z - epidydimis
X - urethra; Y - prostate gland; Z - sperm duct
X - sperm duct; Y - prostate gland; Z - epidydimis
X - urethra; Y - seminal vesicle; Z - sperm duct
Pancreatic gland cells produce and secrete large amounts of digestive enzymes. Which organelles would you expect to be present in higher than normal amounts in such cells?
Free ribosomes and Golgi apparatus
Rough endoplasmic reticulum and lysosomes
Rough endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus
Free ribosomes and lysosomes
The graph shows the changes in blood glucose concentration of an untreated patient with type I diabetes and a non-diabetic person after a meal. Which statement correctly describes the events in this untreated diabetic patient immediately after a meal was eaten?
Alpha cells of the pancreas secrete too little glucagon.
Beta cells of the pancreas secrete too little glucagon.
Alpha cells of the pancreas secrete too little insulin.
Beta cells of the pancreas secrete too little insulin.
Which hormone controls circadian rhythms?
Thyroxin
Melatonin
Leptin
Glucagon
Which is a negative feedback mechanism in the menstrual cycle?
Follicle stimulating hormone inhibits estrogen
Estrogen inhibits luteinizing hormone
Estrogen inhibits follicle stimulating hormone
Progesterone inhibits estrogen
How can knowledge about the pineal gland function be applied?
To restore sleep time by the use of melatonin
To trigger ovulation during an IVF treatment
To reduce sperm production in male contraception
To regulate blood sugar in type I diabetes
How does the hypothalamus respond to a very high body temperature?
Increases muscle contraction
Stops receiving sensory input
Causes dilation of skin arterioles
Slows the heart rate
What is a characteristic of type II diabetes?
Insufficient insulin
Insulin insensitivity
Excess glucagon
Low white blood cell count
Which two hormones promote thickening of the endometrium?
FSH and LH
Estrogen and FSH
LH and estrogen
Progesterone and estrogen
How does the hypothalamus respond to a very high body temperature?
Increases muscle contraction
Stops receiving sensory input
Causes dilation of skin arterioles
Slows the heart rate
What happens when human body temperature rises during exercise?
The arterioles move closer to the skin.
The hypothalamus decreases cell respiration.
The skin capillaries close up.
The water from sweat evaporates to cool the body.
Which describes the secretion of hormones in the pancreas in response to low levels of glucose in the blood?
Secretion of glucagon from α cells
Secretion of glucagon from β cells
Secretion of insulin from α cells
Secretion of insulin from β cells
Which hormone shows the greatest fall in blood concentration just before menstruation?
FSH (follicle stimulating hormone)
LH (luteinizing hormone)
Progesterone
Estrogen
What characterizes type I diabetes?
It can be controlled by diet alone.
Risk factors such as obesity increase its frequency.
The alpha cells of the pancreas are destroyed, usually during adulthood.
The beta cells of the pancreas are destroyed, usually during childhood.
What happens when human body temperature rises during exercise?
The arterioles move closer to the skin.
The hypothalamus decreases cell respiration.
The skin capillaries close up.
The water from sweat evaporates to cool the body.
