The process in which genetic variations among individuals in a population give some individuals an advantage in surviving and reproducing in their environment.

Wear away or change the appearance or texture of (something) by long exposure to the air.

The force that pulls two objects towards each other. The force is affected by the amount of mass and distance: the greater the mass of an object, the greater the attraction; the farther apart the objects, the weaker the attraction.

Formed deep underground where heat and pressure cause existing rocks to be changed in both mineral composition and structural characteristics.

Top layer of Earth made of the crust and the rigid, upper portion of the mantle that is broken into tectonic plates

Formed when lava or magma cools and solidifies. Lava cools quickly and forms rocks with small crystals, while magma cools more slowly and forms rocks with larger crystals.

Forms when particles of other rocks are deposited in layers and are compacted (crushed together), and cemented (binding of the sediments).

The number of wave cycles that pass a given point per unit of time.

Newton's law states that for every action there is an equal and opposite reaction

States that an object will remain at rest or in uniform motion in a straight line unless acted upon by an external force.

Process by which humans breed other animals and plants for particular traits; also called selective breeding.

Ancient supercontinent from which present continents moved into their present positions through plate tectonics.

The height of a wave measured from midway between the highest and lowest points

The distance between the same two points on a wave (i.e. crest to crest).

Attraction or repulsion that arises between electrically charged particles because of their motion.

Acceleration of an object depends on the object's mass and magnitude of the force acting upon it (F=ma)

A measure of how much matter is present in a substance.

The formation of highly ordered, solid structures from a liquid.

The uppermost layer of the Earth that forms the continents and coastal sea floor, sitting on top of a layer of more dense rock called the mantle.

The process by which water, ice, wind, and gravity remove and transport sediments from one place to another.

Unit of force needed to accelerate a mass of one kilogram at the rate of one meter per second squared

The portion of the earth, about 1800 miles (2900 km) thick, between the crust and the core.

A fluid layer about 2,400 km (1,500 mi) thick and composed of mostly iron and nickel that lies above Earth's solid inner core and below its mantle.