A foundation system placed directly below the lowest part of a substructure and transferring building loads directly to the supporting soil by vertical pressure

The part of a foundation bearing directly upon the supporting soil, set below the frost line and enlarged to distribute its load over a greater area

The gradual subsiding of a structure as the soil beneath its foundation consolidates under loading

The gradual reduction in the volume of a soil mass resulting from the application of a sustained load and an increase in compressive stresses

A reduction in volume of a soil mass under the action of a sustained load, due chiefly to a squeezing out of water from the voids within the mass and a transfer of the load from the soil water to the soil solids

A reduction in volume of a soil mass under the action of a sustained load, due chiefly to adjustment of the internal structure of the soil mass after most of the load has been transferred from the soil water to the soil solids

The relative movement of different parts of a structure caused by uneven settlement or failure of its foundation

It may be caused by closely spaced footings or by adjacent footings located at different levels.

The transfer of stress from a yielding part of a soil mass to adjoining, less yielding or restrained parts of the mass

The maximum depth at which soil is frozen or frost penetrates the ground

An uplift in soil caused by the freezing of internal moisture

A softening of soil resulting from the thawing of frozen ground water

The horizontal component of resistance developed by a soil mass against the horizontal movement of a vertical structure through the soil

Non-uniform soil pressure is caused by lateral forces while the friction between footings and soil can create __________.

The horizontal component of pressure that a soil mass exerts on a vertical retaining structure

The actual pressure developed between a footing and the supporting soil mass, equal to the quotient of the magnitude of the forces transmitted and the area of contact

The maximum unit pressure a foundation is permitted to impose vertically or laterally on a supporting soil mass

A wall occurring below the floor nearest grade, designed to support and ancho the superstructure

A concrete slab placed over a dense or compacted base and supported directly by the ground, usually reinforced with welded wire fabric or a grid of reinforcing bars to control any cracking caused by drying shrinkage or thermal stresses

A layer of coarse granular materials place and compacted undisturbed soil or prepared fill to prevent the capillary rise of moisture to a ground slab

Something that underlies or service as a base or foundation. Also called substrate

A continuous or strip footing that changes levels in the stage accommodate a sloping side or bearing stratum

Reinforced concrete footing connected by tie beam to another footing in order to balance the asymmetrically impulse load, as at the perimeter of a building site. Also called strap footing

Mat providing a footing on yielding soil, usually for an entire building, placed on the weight of a displaced soil exceeds the weight of the construction

Foundation used in yielding soil, having for its footing a raft place deep enough that the weight of the excavated soil is equal to or greater than the weight of the construction supported

Framework of crossing beams for spreading heavy loads over large area. Also called grid

A concrete footing extended laterally to distribute the foundation load over a wide enough area that the allowable bearing capacity of a supporting soil is not exceeding

Continuous spread footing of a foundation wall

Single spread footing supporting a freestanding column or pier

Reinforced concrete beam supporting a superstructure at or near ground level and transferring the load to isolated footing, piers, or piles. Also called ground beam

Reinforced concrete footing extended to support a row or column

Reinforced concrete footing for a parameter column or foundation wall extended to support an interior column load

A thick, slab-like footing of reinforced concrete supporting a number of columns or an entire building

Mat foundation reinforced by grid of ribs above or below the slab

Composite structure of reinforced concrete slabs in basement walls serving as a mat foundation

A foundation system that extends down through unsuitable solo to transfer building loads to a more appropriate during stratum well below the superstructure

The component of a pile hammer, located just below the RAM, that transfers of the driving force to the pile head

A system of piles, pile caps, and tie beams for transferring building loads down to a suitable bearing stratum

A cap for protecting a pile head as well as the pile hammer during driving operation

Machine for driving piles, usually composed of a toll framework sporting machinery for fitting a file in position before driving in vertical rail or leads for guiding the hammer

The stratum of soil or rock in which a footing bears or which the building load is transferred by a pile or cassion

A pile at a specified angle to the vertical in order to provide resistance against lateral forces

A steel band encircling the head of a timber pile to prevent it from splitting when driven. Also called pile ring

A long slender column of wood, steel, or reinforced concrete, driven or hammered vertically into the earth to form part of a foundation system

Pile depending principally on the bearing resistance of soil or rock beneath its foot for support. The surroundings of soil mass provide a degree of lateral stability for a long compression member. Also called point bearing pile

Maximum axial and lateral loads permitted on a pile determined by a dynamic pile formula, a static load test, or do technical investigation of the foundation soil

The deviation of a pile from its plan location or from the vertical, resulting in reduction of its allowable load

The permitted deviation of pile from the vertical, for which a reduction in allowable load is not required

Heavy steel pipe driven with the lower end either open or close by a heavy steel plate or point and filled with concrete.

Sometimes encased in concrete to a point below the water table to prevent corrosion.

Pile depending principally on the frcitional resistance of surrounding or for support

Friction developed between the sides of the pile and the soil into which the pile is driven, limited by adhesion of soil to the file size and the shear strength of the surrounding soil mass

An additional load on a pile resulting from settling to fill, which tends to drag the pile downward into the soil

Zone in a loaded soil mass bounded by an arbitrarily selected isobar of stress, from a single or number of friction piles

A line connecting points of equal pressure

Log driven usually as a friction pile, open fitted with a steel shoe and a drive band to prevent from splitting or shattering

The hard, pointed or rounded foot of the pile caisson, for piercing underlying soil

Having a round, square, or polygonal section and sometimes in open core, driven into the earth by pile driver until it meets the required resistance

Pile constructed of two materials, such as timber pile having a concrete upper section to prevent the portion of the pile above the water table from deteriorating

Any of several formulas by which the allowable axial load on a pile can be calculated from the energy required for a pile hammer to advance the pile foot a specified distance into the subsoil