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WorksheetsJuvenile Justice (Chapters 1-3)
Total questions: 82
Worksheet time: 45mins
Historically, how were juveniles treated by the criminal justice system?
the same as adults (same type of punishments, etc.)
more harshly than adults
less harshly than adults
juveniles were not punished at all
In Colonial days, what was the cornerstone of the community and primary means of social control of children?
family
school
juvenile detention
boot camps for juveniles
What does the term "parens patriae" mean?
"the state as parent" and gives the courts a legal basis for intervening in the lives of children to protect, treat, or punish them
that juveniles should be treated the same as adults when it comes to punishment
"eye for an eye" and means that offenders should be treated harshly so that they get what they deserve
"justice for all" and means that juveniles should be treated less harshly than adults
Where was the 1st juvenile court created in the United States in 1899?
Cook County Juvenile Court (Chicago)
Orleans Parish Juvenile Court (New Orleans)
Kings County Juvenile Court (New York)
Suffolk County Juvenile Court (Boston)
Why were juvenile courts initially created?
the conditions when housed with adults were horrible and there was a new philosophy of thinking that offenders could be "cured"
to treat juveniles more harshly and make sure they received the punishment they deserved
the adult courts and correctional facilities were too crowded and they needed additional facilities
the adults were bothered by the juveniles in their facilities and wanted them housed separately
Which new philosophy of thinking believed people were pushed into crime by forces beyond their control (i.e., environment, poverty, lack of discipline, etc.) and believed offenders could be "cured"?
positivist school
classical school
rational choice school
treatment school
In juvenile court, the main purpose is to ______________.
rehabilitate
punish
teach the juvenile a lesson
deter others juveniles from committing similar offenses
The juvenile courts have jurisdiction (authority) to intervene in which of the following types of cases:
when a juvenile is accused of committing a misdemeanor or felony
when a juvenile is accused of committing a status offense
when a juvenile is being neglected or abused by his/her parents or caretakers
the juvenile court has jurisdiction over all of these type of cases
What do we call an offense that is only punishable when a juveniles engages in this behavior but is not a crime when an adult engages in this same behavior?
status offense
misdemeanor
felony
juvenile offense
Which of the following is a status offense?
truancy
murder
possession of drugs
DWI
Which of the following is NOT a status offense?
possession of drugs
running away from home
violating curfew
truancy
Which of the following started in 1825 in New York City where juveniles were all housed together (criminals, status offenders, neglected/abused) and where the family model of care/discipline was used?
House of Refuge
Reformatory or Training School
The Cottage System
Parens patriae detention
Which type of juvenile facility began in the mid-1800's where juveniles spent a significant portion of the day in school and the remaining time performing contract labor during working hours?
Reformatory or Training School
House of Refuge
The Cottage System
The Farm for Juveniles
Which juvenile facility began in 1854 and housed juveniles in log cabins outside of the cities where they were exposed to rural virtues (i.e., nature, simple way of life)?
The Cottage System
The Wilderness Camp
The House of Refuge
The House of Nature
What changed towards the end of the 1800's that caused us to change how we confined juveniles?
the juvenile population increased (went up)
funding from state legislatures decreased (went down)
started receiving more dangerous offenders
all 3 of these things resulted in juvenile facilities becoming more custodial
Name that historical theme: began treating juveniles different from adults and started to define "juvenile"
Discovering the Child
Increased Authority of the State
Reform and Retrenchment
Threat of the Dangerous Poor
Name that historical theme: took authority from the family and gave it to the state (parens patriae)
Increased Authority of the State
Reform and Retrenchment
Get-Tough and Go-Soft Approach
Discovering the Child
Name that historical theme: cycled between a liberal agenda (1960's-1970's) and a tougher approach (1980's-1990's)
Reform and Retrenchment
Get-Tough and Go-Soft Approach
Unsolvable Nature of Youth Crime
Increased Authority of the State
Name that historical theme: punishes serious crime and excuses minor crime
Get-Tough and Go-Soft Approaches
Reform and Retrenchment
Increased Authority of the State
Unsolvable Nature of Youth Crime
Name that historical theme: Certain groups seen as "dangerous" starting with immigrants (Irish, etc.) - now typically African Americans and Hispanics
Threat of the Dangerous Poor
Unsolvable Nature of Youth Crime
Discovering the Child
Reform and Retrenchment
Name that historical theme: long pursued solutions with no magic solution found
Unsolvable Nature of Youth Crime
Discovering the Child
Increased Authority of the State
Get-Tough and Go-Soft Approaches
Which juvenile justice agency is in charge of enforcing the law?
police
probation
juvenile court
corrections
Which juvenile justice agency makes decisions regarding detention, monitors performance of juveniles, and tries to "treat' offenders rather than punish them?
juvenile courts
corrections
police
parole
Which juvenile justice agency cares for those offenders adjudicated (sentenced) by the court?
corrections
police
juvenile court
pretrial services
The juvenile corrections departments vary widely by state and are called a variety of names - but one of the more popular names is ___________________.
Department of Youth Services
Department of Corrections
Department of Juvenile Corrections
Department of Human and Health Services
In juvenile court, what do we call a trial that can result in conviction?
adjudicatory hearing
dispositional hearing
pretrial hearing
aftercare hearing
In juvenile court, what do we call a sentencing hearing?
dispositional hearing
adjudicatory hearing
aftercare
parens patriae hearing
What do we call parole for juveniles?
aftercare
before care
parole
probation
Which of the following statements is FALSE?
Parents are heavily involved in the juvenile process.
Juvenile proceedings are informal and not open to the public.
Juvenile records are generally sealed.
Plea bargaining is used with adults but never with juveniles.
Which of the following statements is FALSE?
Police use discretion when deciding whether/how to intervene with both adults and juveniles.
Miranda rights must be read to both adults and juveniles prior to custodial interrogation.
Juvenile proceedings are not considered "criminal."
Both adults and juveniles can be arrested for status offenses.
Which model for correcting juveniles focuses on the mental, physical and social needs of a child (i.e., drug/alcohol programs, tutoring, anger management, etc.) and whose primary mission is to rehabilitate?
The Treatment Model
The Justice Model
The Crime Control Model
The Balanced and Restorative Justice Model
Which model for correcting juveniles believes offenders deserve to be punished if they violate the law, but that the punishment must be proportionate to the seriousness of the crime?
The Justice Model
The Treatment Model
The Crime Control Model
The Balanced and Restorative Justice Model
Which model for correcting juvenile behavior emphasizes punishment and advocates for greater use of jail/prison?
The Crime Control Model
The Treatment Model
The Justice Model
The Balanced and Restorative Justice Model
Which model for correcting juvenile behavior originated from New Zealand and emphasizes commitment to the offender, victim and the community harmed?
The Balanced and Restorative Justice Model
The Treatment Model
The Justice Model
The Crime Control Model
What are the two major data sources for tracking juvenile crime statistics?
UCR and Juvenile Court Statistics
Self-reports and Juvenile Court Statistics
FBI and local police departments
UCR and victim reports
Who collects the data that is used to compile the statistics in the UCR?
local police departments report to the FBI who compiles the data
the juvenile courts across the country
Bureau of Justice Statistics
local police departments report to the U.S. Marshals who compile the data
What is one major problem with the data in the UCR?
it underestimates crime rates because not all crimes are reported to the police
it is only published once every 5 years so the statistics are not always current
it does not include data about property crimes, only violent crimes
it actually overestimates how many crimes are committed each year
According to the UCR, the percentage of total arrests involving juveniles are highest for which crimes?
curfew breaking, loitering, disorderly conduct, liquor/drug violations, vandalism and theft
murder, aggravated assault, and forcible rape
computer crimes such as fraud and stealing another's identity
assault, battery, arson, and motor vehicle theft
Murder rates by juveniles _____________ substantially between 1987-1993, and then _____________ between 1993-2012.
increased; declined
decreased; increased
Who publishes the Juvenile Court Statistics each year?
Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention (OJJDP)
Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI)
Bureau of Justice Statistics (BJS)
National Crime Victimization Bureau (NCVB)
If a case is referred to the juvenile court, it is first reviewed by the intake department - if they decide the matter should be handled formally within the juvenile court, a __________ is filed.
petition
indictment
waiver
subpoena
True or False? Younger delinquents are referred to court more often than older delinquents.
False
True
Who is referred more frequently to juvenile court - males or females?
males
females
Which type of studies ask juveniles to tell about offenses they committed?
self-report studies
crime victimization surveys
UCR studies
juvenile court studies
One major finding of self-report studies is that youth crime occurs much __________ often then indicated by the UCR.
more
less
True or False? Official statistics show black juveniles are arrested more often than white juveniles, but self-report studies show less of a difference between them with respect to crimes they report actually committing.
True
False
Females are less likely than males to be involved in ____________ crime.
serious
property
theft
minor
According to self-report studies, who commits more crime?
upper-class juveniles
middle-class juveniles
both middle-and lower-classes are involved in delinquency at about the same rate
________________ ask whether you have been a victim of a crime.
Victimization surveys
Self-report surveys
Delinquency surveys
Juvenile court surveys
Who conducts the National Crime Victimization Survey every year?
Bureau of Justice Statistics
FBI
Department of Juvenile Corrections
OJJDP
What is "hidden crime?"
crimes that are not reported to the police
crimes that occur at night
crimes that occur in private
crimes that never occur
Where is the most probable site of violent crime?
centers of U.S. cities
the suburbs
rural areas (out in the country)
centers of small towns
What is one of the best predictors of delinquent behavior?
age - the earlier it begins, the more likely it is to continue
age - the later it begins, the more likely it is to continue
class - middle-class juveniles are more likely to commit crime
gender - female juveniles are more likely to commit crime
Arrests of juveniles tend to accelerate at age 13, and peaks at age ________.
17
16
15
14
The typical chronic (repeat) offender tends to be:
lower-class, minority male who lives in a city who has dropped out of school and is unemployed
middle-class, white female who lives in a city who has dropped out of school and is unemployed
lower-class, white male who lives in a rural area who graduated high school
upper-class, white male who lives in a city and is employed
True or False? Committing crime while a juvenile reduces inhibitions and makes it easier to commit crime as an adult.
True
False
What increases someone's risk to have a high propensity of delinquency?
poor parental supervision
parental rejection
parent/siblings commit crimes
lower I.Q.
all of these things increase a juvenile's chance of engaging in delinquent behavior
Evidence-based policy helps people make well-informed decisions about policy and programs by making available the best available evidence from _____________.
research
speculation
good guesses
_________________ says a juvenile will flourish when connected to the right mix of relationships, opportunities, and social assets.
Positive Youth Development (PYD)
Negative Youth Development (NYD)
Juvenile Mixture (JM)
Common sense
Healthy development requires youth to have: (1) caring adults in their lives, (2) opportunity to learn marketable skills, and (3) ______________.
opportunities to contribute meaningfully in their communities and societies
a high I.Q.
enough money to be considered upper-or middle-class
excellent grades in school
Why did the juvenile murder rate rapidly increase beginning in the mid-1980's until the 1990's?
more guns carried/used than ever before
juveniles were bored during this time period
more knives carried/used than ever before
more juveniles were drinking alcohol
All of the factors below make it more likely that a juvenile will carry a gun EXCEPT if _______________.
the juvenile lives in a rural area (country)
the juvenile lives in a high crime area
the juvenile sells, uses, or buys drugs
the juvenile belongs to a gang
According to the classical school of criminology, why do juveniles commit crime?
people possess free will and make a choice to commit crime
genetic and environmental factors cause people to commit crime
juveniles have not learned to control primitive drives (id) and recognize socially acceptable behavior
underlying social and cultural conditions give rise to youthful offending
Which theory believes that delinquency is planned to some degree and that juveniles engage in crime when there is a low risk of getting caught or punished?
Rational Choice Theory
Biological Positivism Theory
Psychoanalytic Theory
Culture Deviance Theory
Which school of criminology believes that delinquency is caused by prior causes and rejects the view that a person rationally chooses to commit delinquent behavior?
School of Positivism
Classical School of Criminology
Rational Choice School
School of Negativism
Which theory explains deviant behavior as a result of genetic and environmental factors such as chromosome abnormalities and chemical imbalances?
Biological Positivism
Classical School of Criminology
Psychological impulses
Sociological Positivism
Which theory of delinquency says that juveniles have not yet learned to control the primitive drives of their personality ("id") and recognize socially acceptable behavior?
Psychoanalytic Theory
Classical Theory
Biological Positivism Theory
Cultural Deviance Theory
The ____________ is described as having a manipulative personality who lacks remorse/empathy, and fails to accept responsibility for their actions.
psychopath
criminally labeled
superego
conflict person
Which theory of delinquency says that our behavior is shaped by rewards and punishments?
Reinforcement Theory
Social Structure Theory
Conflict Theory
Social Disorganization Theory
Which explanation of delinquency says that the underlying social and cultural conditions give rise to youthful offending?
Sociological Positivism
Classical School
Biological Positivism
Psychological Positivism
Which sociological theory of delinquency says that high crime is found in disorganized communities (i.e., deteriorated buildings, economic dependence, school truancy, etc.)?
Social Disorganization Theory
Cultural Deviance Theory
Status Frustration Theory
Containment Theory
Which sociological theory of delinquency says that the motivation to commit crime is intrinsic in lower-class culture because it encourages toughness, outsmarting the police, excitement, and they often feel like they have very little control in their lives?
Cultural Deviance Theory
Status Frustration Theory
Differential Association Theory
Conflict Theory
Which sociological theory of delinquency says that the ultimate goal is "success" and there is pressure to commit crime if denied legitimate means of achieving success through school, hard work, etc.?
Status Frustration Theory
Social Disorganization Theory
Reinforcement Theory
Labeling Perspective Theory
Which sociological theory of delinquency says that juveniles learn to commit crime by watching their family/friends/neighbors commit crime?
Differential Association Theory
Containment Theory
Social Control Theory
Labeling Theory
Which theory explains why juveniles do NOT commit crime as a result of their positive Internal Control System (self-control, positive self-image, etc.) and External Control System (family, friends, supervision, etc.)?
Containment Theory
Labeling Theory
Differential Association Theory
Social Control Theory
Which sociological theory of delinquency states that the more bonds a person has with family/school/work, the more that person has to lose and the less likely that person is to commit a crime?
Social Control Theory
Labeling Perspective
Conflict Theory
Containment Theory
Which sociological theory of delinquency says that society creates criminals by making it difficult to regain social acceptance once they have committed their first crime?
Labeling Perspective
Social Control Theory
Conflict Theory
Containment Theory
Which theory of delinquency says the struggle for power/control between interest groups causes crime?
Conflict Theory
Classical School Theory
Psychological Theory
Social Control Theory
What type of theory simply draws from various theories together to explain a larger number of delinquent behavior?
an integrated theory
a social process theory
a multi-faceted theory
a life theory
True or False? Programs like "Scared Straight" and "D.A.R.E." have proven to be effective programs in deterring juveniles from committing crime.
False
True
Which type of programs show the most promise for preventing juveniles from committing crimes?
programs that call on constructive personal development to include counseling, skill development, and relationship building
programs that keep juveniles under close supervision and control what they do
programs that use strict juvenile detention
programs that make sure a juvenile's family has a sufficient amount of money to provide for all their needs
Which of the following is NOT considered a "turning point" that may draw a person out of delinquency?
marriage
becoming a parent
steady employment
winning the lottery
