Popular name for Western New York, a region particularly swept up in the religious fervor of the Second Great Awakening.

Eighteenth century religious doctrine that emphasized reasoned moral behavior and the scientific pursuit of knowledge.

American artistic movement that produced romantic renditions of local landscapes.

Public lecture hall that hosted speakers on topics ranging from science to moral philosophy. Part of a broader flourishing of higher education in the mid-nineteenth century.

Prohibited the manufacture and sale of alcohol. A dozen other states followed Maine's lead, though most statutes proved ineffective and were repealed within a decade.

Variety shows performed by white actors in black-face. First popularized in the mid-nineteenth century.

Communal society of around one thousand members, established in Indiana by Robert Owen. The community attracted a hodgepodge of individuals, from scholars to crooks, and fell apart due to infighting and confusion after just two years.

One of the more radical utopian communities established in the nineteenth century, it advocated "free love," birth control, and eugenics. Utopian communities reflected the reformist spirit of the age.

Early-nineteenth-century movement in European and American literature and the arts that, in reaction to the hyper-rational Enlightenment, emphasized imagination over reason, nature over civilization, intuition over calculation, and the self over society.

Religious revival characterized by emotional mass "camp meetings" and widespread conversion. Brought about a democratization of religion as a multiplicity of denominations vied for members.

Named for their lively dance worship, they emphasized simple, communal living and were all expected to practice celibacy.

Ralph Waldo Emerson's address at Harvard College, in which he declared an intellectual independence from Europe, urging American scholars to develop their own traditions.

Literary and intellectual movement that emphasized individualism and self-reliance, predicated upon a belief that each person possesses an "inner-light" that can point the way to truth and direct contact with God.

Believe in a unitary deity, reject the divinity of Christ, and emphasize the inherent goodness of mankind. Unitarianism, inspired in part by Deism, first caught on in New England at the end of the eighteenth century.

Gathering of feminist activists where Elizabeth Cady Stanton read her "Declaration of Sentiments," stating that "all men and women are created equal."

A series of improvements in industrial technology that transformed the process of manufacturing goods.

A period of rapid growth in the speed and convenience of travel because of new methods of transportation.

A policy of favoring native-born individuals over foreign-born ones

Tradition that housework and child care were considered the only proper activities for married women

This gradually replaced the localized cottage industry. Workers were paid by the hour instead of for what they produce. On one hand it decreased the need for skilled labor, but in other ways it increased the amount of specialization due to labor being concentrated in factories.

Drastic changes in transportation (canals, RRs), communication (telegraph), and the production of goods (more in factories as opposed to houses)

Settlers who acquired free land from the government

Strikebreakers hired by employers as replacement workers when unions went on strike

Identical components that can be used in place of one another in manufacturing

A machine for cleaning the seeds from cotton fibers.

Fulton's steamboat in 1807 which powered on/by a newly designed engine. It took this boat 32 hours to go 150 miles from New York to Albany.

American boats, built during the 1840's in Boston, that were sleek and fast but inefficient in carrying a lot of cargo or passengers.

Semisecret Irish organization that became a benevolent society aiding Irish immigrants in America

An active, militant Irish organization of farmers based in the Pennsylvania anthracite coal fields who are believed responsible for much violence

A mail carrying service; ran from 1860-1861; was established to carry mail speedily along the 2,000 miles from St. Joseph, Missouri, to Sacramento, California; they could make the trek in 10 days.

A landmark ruling of the Massachusetts Supreme Court establishing the legality of labor unions and the legality of union workers striking if an employer hired non-union workers.

A political organization within the Democratic Party in New York city (late 1800's and early 1900's) seeking political control by corruption and bossism

Group of prejudiced people who formed a political party during the time when the KKK grew. Anti-Catholics and anti-foreign. They were also known as the American Party.

They were a group of families who joined to form one of the earliest and most powerful joint capital ventures. They eventually came to dominate the textile industry, the railroads, the insurance industry, and banking in all of Massachusetts.

This was created to greatly help in "building" capitalism. It stated that business people could create a corporation if they complied with the terms of the law. It was a great boost to capitalism.

Everyday men, with universal white male suffrage, who were the best off after the transformation to politics that occurred after the era of good feelings.

Era of Jacksonian Democracy, where things were done for the people and democracy was more appealing to the masses

The idea that a state has the ability to nullify federal laws and decisions that they do not agree with.

Starting with Andrew Jackson, the incoming president would fill his cabinet with allies that had helped them in the election

A nickname given to Andrew Jackson by conservatives as an insult after he allowed commons into the white house on the night of his inauguration; they created a mob, wrecking china and furniture and causing Jackson to have to sneak out for his safety.

Nickname given to Andrew Jackson's advisors, which was composed entirely of friends of allies that many believed to have snuck in through the kitchen door.

A tariff put forth by Jacksonians in 1828 in order to embarrass John Quincy Adams. Mean to fail, the tariff passed by a fluke, causing anger in the south, who said that this was simply more favoritism for the northern states over the south.

Margaret, "Peggy," was the wife of John Timberlake. When he died at sea, Peggy quickly remarried. The hasty marriage was seen as scandalous, and many politicians wives refused to speak to Peggy. Andrew Jackson attempted to remedy the situation, but the only man to heed his requests was Martin Van Buren.

Written by John C. Calhoun in 1828, it was meant to encourage all states to nullify the Tariff of Abominations.

The practice of changing public officers at frequent intervals by discharges and substitutions.

Was basically against elite groups such as the Masons (a private, secret organization). They were also opposed to Jackson, who was a Mason.

Refers to the election of 1828.

An alleged deal between presidential candidates John Q. Adams and Henry Clay to throw the election, to be decided by the house of representatives, in Adam's favor. Though never proven, the accusation became the rallying cry for Jackson supporters, who had been the majority of the popular vote.

Authorized the president to use the army and navy to collect taxes if necessary.

Tariff proposed to settle the dispute between nullifiers and Jackson

Order that all new land be bought with metallic money

Bill for internal improvements from federal funds, vetoed by Jackson

This was the nation's first economic depression. Banks loaned too much money out for Western expansion and they began to fail one by one.

This was a bill proposed by Van Buren to move federal monies into a separate bank vault so it would not be connected with the ups and downs of the federal economy

These were state banks that existed in the 1830's and which received federal funds from Jackson.