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WorksheetsLecture 1&2: MEDT 491 Clinical Immunology
Total questions: 75
Worksheet time: 4hrs 45mins
______ is known as a substance that specifically binds to an antibody or t-cell receptor. it is also known as an immunogen.
Antigen
Antibody
CRP
Erythrocyte
_______ is a protein (immunoglobulin) that consist of two identical heavy chain and two identical light chain that recognize a specific portion of an antigen and binds to it
Antigen
Immunogen
Antibody
Basophilius
______ is (are) a natural or inborn resistance to infection after microorganisms have penetrated the first line of resistance
Innate immunity
Adaptive Immunity
Skin
Antibodies
The augmentation of body defense mechanisms in response to a specific stimulus, which can cause the elimination of microorganisms and recovery from disease is called ________.
Innate Immunity
The macrophage effect
Adaptive immunity
Rouleaux
What are the components of Adaptive immunity?
Antigen specificity
Rouleaux
Diversity
Memory of past pathogens
Ability to difference between foreign material and itself
These cells migrate to the tissue and are able to differentiate between dendritic cell and macrophages. They are professional phagocytes antigen presenting cell and are the largest cell in the blood. These traits are abilities of a ________.
Dendritic cell
Macrophage
Monocyte
Eosinophil
Basophil
These cells have a circulating WBC percentage of 4.
Monocytes
Eosinophils
Macrophages
Erythrocytes
Basophils
These cells are monocytes that have migrated from the blood to the tissue. They do not contain peroxidase and have a different name depending on their location. These cells are called _______.
Monocytes
Dendritic cells
Eosinophils
Basophil
Macrophages
These cells are believed to be derived from a monocyte precursor. They are found all over tissue and have long spidery projections. These cells are called ______.
Dendritic cells
Macrophages
Basophil
Monocyte
______ are the perfect presentation of type 1 and 2 MHC class and activation of T lymphocytes.
Monocytes
Dendritic cells
Basophils
Eosinophil
Which of the following are characteristics of Eosinophils?
Presence in the blood increases for allergies and parasitic infection
They have 2 granules
They have many Granules: peroxidase, arylsulfatase, lysosome, lipase, and acid phosphate
Major basic protein
Kills extracellular parasites
Eosinophils normally represent 1-3% of all circulating WBC's
True
False
Which of the following are characteristics of Basophils?
Presence in the blood increases for parasitic infection
Largest cells in the blood
Produce histamines
Migrate to tissue and differentiate between dendritic cell and macrophages
They normally represent ~1% of all WBC's.
B-lymphocytes are cellular components of the acquired immune system, more specifically a part of the humoral immunity. What is its function?
To make cytotoxic T cells
Influx of phagocytes
To make helper t cells
To make antibodies
Form memory B cells after activation by antigen interaction
T-lymphocytes are cellular components of the acquired immune system, more specifically a part of the cellular immunity. What is its function?
Makes antibodies
activate cytotoxic T-cells and memory T-cells
bind to and act as co-signal for the activation of B-cell lymphocytes
Forms memory B cells after activation by antigen interaction
are activated when presented with foreign antigens fragments by major histocompatibility complex (MHC class II) molecules
Put the three major events during an inflammatory Response in the correct order.
I. Increased capillary permeability (Edema)
II. Increase in the diameter of the blood vessels (Vasodilation)
III. Emigration & Migration of the phagocytes (Influx of phagocytes)
I, II, III
II, I, III
III, II, I
Which cells belong to the natural immune system?
Monocytes and NK cells
Basophils
B lymphocytes
Eosinophils
Neutrophils
Which cells belong to the aquired immune system?
B lymphocytes
Monocytes
T lymphocytes
Neutrophils
NK cells
Active acquired immunity is when ....
The body produces protective antibodies
It lasts longterm: vaccines, infection
The body gets antibodies from another host
It lasts short-term: breast milk, placenta crossover, rabies
Passive acquired immunity is when...
The body gets antibodies from another host
The body produces protective antibodies
It lasts longterm: vaccines, infection
It lasts short-term: breast milk, placenta crossover, rabies
This is a __________.
Lymphocyte
Neutrophil
Monocyte
Basophil
Eosinophil
This is a _________
Monocyte
Neutrophil
Macrophage
Eosinophil
This is a _______
Eosinophil
Neutrophil
Macrophage
Lymphocyte
Basophil
This is a ____________.
Macrophage
Eosinophil
Basophil
Lymphocyte
This is a ________
Lymphocyte
Basophil
Eosinophil
Neutrophil
This cell produces T cells and B cells. This type of cell includes natural killer cells. Which image depicts this cell?
This cell is the largest one in the blood. It has the ability to migrate to tissue and differentiate between dendritic cells and macrophages. Which image depicts this cell?
This cell expresses and releases cytokines, which in turn amplify inflammatory reactions by several other cell types. It recruits and activates other cells of the immune system. Which image depicts this cell?
These presence of these cells in the blood increase for allergies and parasitic infections. They kill extracellular parasites. Which image depicts this cell?
These cells produce histamines. They normally represent ~1% of all WBC's. Which image depicts a this cell?
List the steps of phagocytosis in order.
I. Engulfment to form phagocytic vacuole
II. Exocytosis
III. Respiratory burst and digestion: rapid release of superoxide dismutase and hydrogen peroxide to kill pathogen.
IV. Fusion of phagocytic vacuole with lysosome
V. Chemotaxis: The movement of an organism in response to a chemical stimulus.
VI. Adherence
I, II, II, IV, V, VI
VI, V, IV, II, III, I
V, VI, I, IV, III, II
VI, III, I, II, IV, V
What are the three functions of monocytes and macrophages in host defense?
Phagocytosis
Chemotaxis
Present antigen to B and T lymphocytes
Exocytosis
Manufacture and secure active biological components (INK-1)
What are two disorders caused by monocytes/macrophages.
Sickle cell anemia
Gaucher's disease
Systemic lupus erythematosus
Neimann-pick disease
This disorder is an auto recessive (inherited) enzyme deficiency. Equally prevalent in male and female: Both parents must have carry the mutation for child to have the disease. It is caused by the decrease in B-glucocerebrosidase so sphingolipids accumulate in macrophages. It infiltrates the bone marrow and causes the decrease of erythrocytes, granulocytes, and lymphocytes.
Sickle cell anemia
Gaucher's disease
Neimann-pick disease
systemic lupus erythematosus
This disorder is a rare autosomal recessive deficiency. An increase in sphingomyelin results in cell death and the malfunction of major organ systems. Type A is severe. Type B results in higher enzyme levels.
Neimann-pick disease
Gaucher's disease
Sickle cell anemia
Thrombocytopenia
What are the congenital abnormalities of neutrophils function presented in class?
Specific granule deficiency
Component receptor 3
Chronic granulomatous disease
Chediak-higashi
Myeloperoxidase deficiency
The failure to produce 2 granules and the failure to produce components of other granules are characteristics of what neutrophil congenital abnormality?
Component receptor 3
Specific granule deficiency
Myeloperoxidase deficiency
Chediak-higashi
Abnormalities with adhesion, poor phagocytosis, and issues with chemotaxis are characteristics of what neutrophil congenital abnormality?
Specific granule deficiency
Chronic granulomatous disease
Myeloperoxidase deficiency
Component receptor 3
The inability to produce H2O2, and phagocytize but cannot destroy bacteria are characteristics of what neutrophil congenital abnormality?
Chronic granulomatous disease
Specific granule deficiency
Chediak-higashi
Myeloperoxidase deficiency
Giant granules and a delay in killing bacteria are characteristics of what neutrophil congenital abnormality?
Specific granule deficiency
Component receptor 3
Chediak-higashi
Myeloperoxidase deficiency
Autosomal recessive and posses azurophilic granules which have a decreased or absent amount of enzyme are characteristics of what neutrophil congenital abnormality?
Chediak-higashi
Component receptor 3
Specific granule deficiency
Myeloperoxidase deficiency
This occurs in the 1st week of development in embryonic hematopoiesis.
entire marrow space is occupied by developing hematopoietic cells
stem cell begins colonization of stromal cavities in bone marrow
most stem cells have migrated to the fetal liver/spleen: predominantly devoted to production of red blood cells and some granulocytes
platelet production appears
production of erythroblasts located within the mesoderm
This occurs in the 2nd week of development in embryonic hematopoiesis.
most stem cells have migrated to the fetal liver/spleen: predominantly devoted to production of red blood cells and some granulocytes
stem cell begins colonization of stromal cavities in bone marrow
entire marrow space is occupied by developing hematopoietic cells
platelet production appears
production of erythroblasts located within the mesoderm
This occurs in the 3rd week of development in embryonic hematopoiesis.
most stem cells have migrated to the fetal liver/spleen: predominantly devoted to production of red blood cells and some granulocytes
stem cell begins colonization of stromal cavities in bone marrow
platelet production appears
production of erythroblasts located within the mesoderm
entire marrow space is occupied by developing hematopoietic cells
This occurs in the 4th week of development in embryonic hematopoiesis.
entire marrow space is occupied by developing hematopoietic cells
platelet production appears
production of erythroblasts located within the mesoderm
most stem cells have migrated to the fetal liver/spleen: predominantly devoted to production of red blood cells and some granulocytes
stem cell begins colonization of stromal cavities in bone marrow
This occurs in the 5th week of development in embryonic hematopoiesis.
entire marrow space is occupied by developing hematopoietic cells
platelet production appears
production of erythroblasts located within the mesoderm
stem cell begins colonization of stromal cavities in bone marrow
most stem cells have migrated to the fetal liver/spleen: predominantly devoted to production of red blood cells and some granulocytes
Which of the following is a primary lymphoid organ?
Bone marrow
Lymph nodes
Thymus
Spleen
Which of the following is a secondary lymphoid organ?
Bone marrow
Thymus
Lymph nodes
Spleen
The following characteristics are associated with________
1. Initiates immune responses against antigen found on mucosal surfaces.
2. Antigen sampling.
3. Found on mucosal surfaces like gastrointestinal tract, nasopharynx, thyroid, breast, lung, salivary glands, eye, and skin.
Skin-associated lymphoid tissue (SALT).
Mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT).
Bronchus-associated lymphoid tissue (BALT).
The following characteristics are associated with________
- Priming site of mucosal and systemic immune responses.
- Found in lungs and bronchioles.
Bronchus-associated lymphoid tissue (BALT).
Skin-associated lymphoid tissue (SALT)
Mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT)
The following characteristic is associated with________
- Cutaneous microenvironment is capable on its own of accepting, processing, and presenting nominal antigen.
Mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT).
Bronchus-associated lymphoid tissue (BALT).
Skin-associated lymphoid tissue (SALT)
What is an acute protein?
activated by interaction with antigen-antibody complexes
Normal components of human serum that rapidly increase by at least 25% due to an injury, infection, or trauma.
An inactive precursor of a functional enzyme that can be activated by proteolytic cleavage, which removes an inhibitory fragment exposing the active site of an enzyme, making it catalytically active
a synonym for proenzyme
What are examples of acute proteins?
CRP
Proenzymes
Amyloid a
Opsonins
Mannose binding protein
Define Apoptosis.
when proteins increase in concentration as a result of inflammation.
Programmed cell death
inactive precursor to a functional enzyme
a normal component of human serum that increases by at least 25% due to an injury, infection, or trauma
Define a Proenzyme/zymogen.
proteins that increase in concentration as a result of inflammation.
fragments from complement cleavage that bind to receptors on basophils and mast cells
macromolecular structure composed of complement components C5b, C6, C7, C8, and C9, which displaces the membrane phospholipids, forming a large transmembrane opening that disrupts osmotic balance, lysing the cel
an inactive precursor to the functional enzyme that can be activated by proteolytic cleavage to remove an inhibitory fragment, exposing the active site of the enzyme, making it catalytically active
Define Opsonin.
a serum protein that binds to a foreign substance, enhancing phagocytosis
Fragments of complement components that binds to receptors of basophils and mast cells. Binding to the receptors induces degranulation, release of histamines, and vasoactive amines which causes increased vascular permeability and induce smooth muscle contraction
a synonym for proenzyme
An inactive precursor of a functional enzyme that can be activated by proteolytic cleavage, which removes an inhibitory fragment exposing the active site of an enzyme, making it catalytically active
Define Anaphylatoxins.
An inactive precursor of a functional enzyme that can be activated by proteolytic cleavage, which removes an inhibitory fragment exposing the active site of an enzyme, making it catalytically active
a synonym for proenzyme
fragments of complement components that binds to receptors of basophils and mast cells. Binding to the receptors induces degranulation, release of histamines, and vasoactive amines which causes increased vascular permeability and induce smooth muscle contraction
a macromolecular complex composed of complement component C5b, C6,C7,C8, C9 that displaces phospholipid membrane which causes transmembrane opening which disrupt osmotic balance, lysing the cell
What is the membrane attack complex?
a macromolecular compound composed of complement component C5b, C6,C7,C8, C9 that displaces phospholipid membrane which causes transmembrane opening which disrupt osmotic balance, lysing the cell
An inactive precursor of a functional enzyme that can be activated by proteolytic cleavage, which removes an inhibitory fragment exposing the active site of an enzyme, making it catalytically active
a normal component of human serum that increases by at least 25% due to an injury, infection, or trauma
Fragments of complement components that binds to receptors of basophils and mast cells. Binding to the receptors induces degranulation, release of histamines, and vasoactive amines which causes increased vascular permeability and induce smooth muscle contraction
What is the Classical Pathway?
A pathway for activation of complement based on the attachment of mannose-binding protein to components of the bacterial cell wall
a pathway activated by pathogens due to Lipopolysaccharides, techoic acids, and zymosins. It is antibody independent.
a pathway of complement activation that is launched with an antigen-antibody interaction
What is the alternative pathway?
A pathway for activation of complement based on the attachment of mannose-binding protein to components of the bacterial cell wall
a pathway activated by pathogens due to Lipopolysaccharides, techoic acids, and zymosins. It is antibody independent.
a pathway of complement activation that is launched with an antigen-antibody interaction
What is the Lectin pathway?
A pathway for activation of complement based on the attachment of mannose-binding protein to components of the bacterial cell wall
a pathway activated by pathogens due to Lipopolysaccharides, techoic acids, and zymosins. It is antibody independent.
a pathway of complement activation that is launched with an antigen-antibody interaction
Which immunoglobulins activate the classical pathway?
IgG1, IgG2, IgG3
IgA
IgM
IgD
What complement mediator is missing?
(a)
What biological effect is missing?
(a)
What complement mediators are missing?
(a)
What biological effect is missing?
(a)
How is the classical pathway activated?
antibody-antigen complex
LPS, techoic acid
Lectin binding to mannose
How is the alternative pathway activated?
Lectin binding to mannose
LPS, Techoic acid
Antibody-antigen complex
How is the lectin pathway activated?
Lectin binding to mannose
LPS, Techoic acid
Antibody-antigen complex
What is (are) the effect(s) of the C3A and C5A Anaphylatoxins?
Release of hydrolytic enzymes from neutrophil
Aggregation of platelets
Chemotaxis
Degranulation of eosinophil
opsonization
What is the effect of the C5a, C3a, C5b67 Anaphylatoxins?
Degranulation of eosinophil
Aggregation of platelet
Release of hydrolytic enzymes from neutrophil
Chemotaxis
What is the effect of the C5a Anaphylatoxin?
Release of hydrolytic enzymes from neutrophils
opsonization
What is the effect of the C3b, iC3b, C4b Anaphylatoxins?
Chemotaxis
Aggregation of platelets
Release of hydrolytic enzymes from neutrophil
opsonization
Describe the process of complement mediated removal of circulating immune complexes.
Coating of immune complex with C3B that help binding of to CR1 receptors of RBC
The binding of antibodies to viral particles creates a thick protein coating that prevents viruses from attaching to susceptible host cells.
Carry these complexes to the liver and spleen where they are removed from RBC by phagocytosis
What component is decreased or absent in hereditary angioedema?
(a)
