Anthrax has been eradicated from cattle in the U.S.

Malignant carbuncle is the most lethal form of human anthrax

Serotypes of Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae pathogenic for turkeys have been used as live vaccines for swine

Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae is fairly resistant to environmental degradation and some disinfectants

Clinical disease caused by Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae is limited to swine, turkeys, dolphins, and humans

Corynebacteriaceae have lipids in their cell walls that make them more likely to be phagocytosed but less likely to be killed within the phagolysosome

Phospholipase D is a major toxin of Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis

Bacteria that are 50% related by DNA homology are considered to be the same species

MALDI-TOF-MS is not applicable to serotyping of organisms because it mostly detects small ribosomal proteins

Teichoic and lipoteichoic acids are dominant cell surface antigens in some species of bacteria

Penicillin is not able to kill bacteria unless they are actively growing

Transport and other proteins in the outer membranes of gram negative bacteria are generally not immunogenic (do not readily stimulate an antibody response for example)

Detergents and soaps have strong antibacterial properties

Serotype specificity of gram negative bacteria is determined by the LPS core polysaccharides

The correct designation for a flagellar antigen is "F-Antigen"

The tip of a bacteria fimbria has a small radius of curvature that can facilitate penetration of the strong repulsive forces between the bacteria and target cell membrane

Mucoid polysaccharide bacterial capsules cannot provide specific attachment to mucosal epithelial cells

Most facultative intracellular bacterial pathogens gain entry to cells via receptor-mediated endocytosis

IgA has about a six day half-life

IgA does not function as an opsonin and can't fix complement

Most virulent gram negative pathogens and essentially all gram positive ones are resistant to killing by antibody and complement

Bacterial exopolysaccharides are mostly T-cell dependent antigens that stimulate primarily an IgG antibody response

Most IgM antibody is found in tissues

Phagocytic cells preferentially ingest bacteria that have lipids in their outer surfaces

Parasitism of non-professional phagocytes shields organisms from professional phagocytes but can facilitate endogenous processing of antigens

Any bacteria that is cultured from a site of infection is likely to be causing disease and should have an antimicrobial sensitivity test completed to determine the best treatment option.

Which of the following is a common characteristic of bacterial capsules?

A chronic, abscessing mastitis in ruminants that is not responsive to antimicrobial therapy is most likely caused by which of the following?

Which of the following do not have one or more streptococci as common respiratory pathogens?

Purpura hemorrhagica

Which of the following organisms is always resistant to penicillin-class antibiotics?

Which of the following is a type specific antigen of a Streptococcus species?

Enterococcus species:

Some organisms produce catalase:

What is the function of the protective antigen in the pathogenesis of anthrax?

Bacillus cereus variety anthracis:

The disc diffusion or Kirby-Bauer test for antibiotic sensitivity is a _______ test as it involves the ________ interaction of diffusion of the antibiotic from the disc at the same time the bacteria is beginning to divide and grow on the plate.

The epidemiologic cut-off value is _______ of/on drug or host factors, while the clinical breakpoint is _____ of/on drug or host factors.

Which of the following pairs of MIC (in ug/mL) is NOT matched with the correct interpretation: