Stop sounds result from a complete constriction of airflow followed by a release of that air such as /p/ /t//k/ /b/ /d/ /g/.

Fricatives are sounds produced when the tongue approaches but does not make contact with a place of articulation causing a bottleneck of the airflow. This gives the sound a friction like quality such as /v/ /θ/ /z//ʃ/.

Affricate results from the sequence of stop plus fricative in rapid succession. So the affricate/ʧ/ represents /t/ plus /ʃ/ just as the affricate /ʤ/ results from /d/ plus/ʒ/.

Nasal sounds are produced when the velum is lowered allowing air to pass through the nasal cavity

such as /m/ /n/ /ŋ/.

Liquid sounds are produced by allowing air to pass by one or both sides at the tongue and the tongue itself can move a lot to shape the sound such as /l/ /r/.

Glide sounds are produced with very little constriction of air flow so little in fact that they are often referred to as semi-vowels such as /w/ /j/.

The sound /b/ is considered a voiceless bilabial stop.

The sound /s/ is considered a voiceless alveolar fricative.