Developed between 1930 and 1960 by Harold Palmer and A.S Hornby. Based on a few principles such as language is primarily speech and therefore all structures and vocabulary must be practiced orally before moving on to reading and writing

Method led by Charles Fries of the University of Michigan in 1945. It emphasized the teaching of listening and speaking before reading and writing.

Created in 1963 by Caleb Gattego, based on the idea that learners should be encouraged to produce as much language as possible. It focuses on discovery, creativity, problem solving & the use of materials.

Exponents Seidenstücker, Plötz, Olllendorf & Meidinger from the mid 19th century to the mid 20th century. It was the first method of teaching foreign languages, and derived from the traditional method of teaching Greek & Latin.

Developed in 1979 by the psychologist Georgi Lozanov to

help students eliminate the feeling that they cannot be successful or the negative association they may have toward studying and, thus, to help them overcome the barriers to learning.

Method created in the 1970's by Charles Curran in order to integrate translation so that the students would disassociate language learning with risk taking.

Created by James Asher and first published on 1977, built around the coordination of speech and action; it attempts to teach language trough motor activity.

Approach first raised by Chomsky's theories in the late 1960s. In 1970 Michael Halliday and Dell Hymes laid the conceptual basis for ______ and in 1972, D.A. Wilkins proposed a functional or communicative defi­nition of language that could serve as a basis for developing commu­nicative syllabuses for language teaching.

Approach created in 1977 by Tracy Terrel & Stephen Krashen in order to develop communicative skills that will be used with beginning learners.

Developed by N. Prabhu in 1987. It aims to provide learners with a natural context for language use.

First published by Bernard Mohan in 1986, ______ focuses not on the language itself, but rather on what is being taught through the language; that is, the language becomes the medium through which something new is learned.

Approach discussed by Dave Willis in 1990 and popularised by Michael Lewis in 1993 & 1997, based on the assertion that "language consist not of traditional grammar and vocabulary but often of multi-word prefabricated chunks".