According to behaviorist perspective, infants learn oral language from other human role models through a process involving imitation, reward, and practice.

For behaviorist, language learning is a habit formation on the basis of the stimuli and rewards.

Cognitive psychology sees the individual as a processor of information, in much the same way that a computer takes in information and follows a program to produce an output.

To Krashen, the ‘i’ represents the language that is just a step beyond that level, and the ‘+1’ is a metaphor for the level of language already acquired.

Vygotsky's theory involved cognitive dialogue, the zone of proximal development, social interaction, and culture and private speech.

According to Vygotsky, framework is an assisted learning process that gets the child to the next level of understanding

Richard Schmidt (1990, 2001) proposed the noticing hypothesis, suggesting that nothing is learned unless it has been ‘noticed’. Noticing does not itself result in acquisition, but it is the essential starting point.

According to Usage-based theories, the emphasis is on the frequency with which learners encounter specific linguistic features in the input and the _______ with which language features occur together.

Cognitive psychologists working in an information-processing model of human learning and performance see second language acquisition as the building up of knowledge that can eventually be called on _______ for speaking and understanding.