Which philosopher studied at Plato's Academy?

Observing nature, conducting experiments, and using scientific reasoning became the new way of thinking during the

The term ____________ refers to Greek history, language, and culture during a period after Alexander the Great's death.

"Humanism" focused on the potential of human achievement. In art and in the culture, humanism was a move away from

the requirement that someone accused of a crime be brought before a judge before being jailed

the two-house legislative body in Britain that is made up of the House of Lords and the House of Commons

In 1215, a group of English nobles forced King _______ to sign the Magna Carta.

An important part of the Petition of Right stated that you cannot be taxed without being ____________

The Enlightenment, or age of __________, occurred during the 1600s and 1700s.

He wrote Leviathan, a book about the purpose of government, and believed that the absolute authority of government is necessary.

He believed that humans are naturally reasonable and argued that all humans are born with natural rights.

oppressive rule, usually by a government

____________, an important French philosopher in the 1700s, supported freedom of religion and the separation of church and state. He also called for freedom of speech.

a form of government in which citizens rule through their elected representatives

Prior to the French Revolution, the people there belonged to one of three social classes that the French called the three "_______."

The ___________ Revolution inspired the revolution in France.

This French revolutionary slogan refers to freedom, all people being treated equally, and togetherness (brotherhood or sisterhood.)

one who takes action to oppose a revolution is called a

By 1792, the French Revolution became more radical and violent. The Jacobin radical group demanded the _____ of King Louis XVI.

The Committee of Public Safety was created to take control over the French government. It was ruled absolutely by ______ who had 17,000 people executed...mostly by guillotine.

a sudden overthrow of an existing government

the structures needed for a country to function properly

After the Reign of Terror ended, France established a new constitution in 1795. A committee of five leaders, called the __________, held executive power.

The British handed Napoleon his first significant loss at the Battle of Trafalgar in 1805. The victory ensured British supremacy at sea. This means that the British were ______ than both the French and the Spanish when it came to battles in the seas.

Napoleon escaped his exile on the island of Elba, and was reinstated as emperor in 1815 for 100 days because the British defeated him quickly at the Battle of __________

After the Congress of Vienna, France was forced to give up territory won by Napoleon.

__________gained territory in Italy. Poland became part of Russia. Prussia gained land along the Rhine River.

As royal families were restored (brought back) in Europe, the European leaders faced a conflict between two different _____________. (ideas of how society should work)

nationalism: an ideology by which people give their __________ not to a particular leader, but instead to a group of people who share common political, social, and cultural beliefs.

a country in which the population shares the same history, culture, language, and religion is called a

Common bonds of a Nation-state include Nationality which is a belief in a common __________.

By the 1830s, Italians were growing unhappy with their foreign rulers.

• Giuseppe Mazzini created a nationalist group called “_______ Italy.”

• He advocated for democratic rule and social justice.

• They tried to stage multiple rebellions, but failed.

In 1852, King Victor Emmanuel II became King of Sardinia. His top adviser, Count Camillo di Cavour, led the expansion of Sardinia’s influence. He negotiated an alliance with _________to expel the Austrians from northern Italy.

The Kingdom of Italy was created in _________.

In 1861, the liberal parliament clashed with their Prussian King Wilhelm I. The King was supported by the conservative class and was able to appoint _______________ as prime minister to run the government.

Otto von Bismarck (1815–1898) believed in a policy called __________. This was politics based on power and practical facts rather than theoretical or ideological sentiments.

In 1871, King Wilhelm of Prussia was proclaimed “_______ ” of Germany. Bismarck became his chancellor. Thus, Germany was born.

In 1791, 100,000 enslaved persons revolted against the plantation owners. They were led by ____________ . Even though he died in jail, the revolt led to the independence of Haiti in 1804.

a person of mixed European and American Indian ancestry

José de San Martín (1778–1850) •Led ________________rebels against the Spanish colonial government

In 1807, Napoleon’s attack on ______________ forced the royal family to flee to Brazil. Prince Don Pedro was asked by the criollos to rule and independent Brazil.

Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna (1794–1876)

• Was a general who led Mexican forces against _________
• Served as President of Mexico for eleven terms
• Changed laws and policies in order to stay in power

In the 1860s, a new leader, _____________ began to institute liberal reforms in Mexico. He took away the political power of the Catholic Church and redistributed the church lands to the people.

industry in which the production of finished goods is based out of people’s homes

woven cloth

Because of the Agricultural Revolution, populations _______.

Industrialization began in ____________.

Steamboats transported goods and passengers much more quickly and efficiently. This led to the creation of thousands of miles of __________.

a market that has a single supplier of a good or service

Samuel Slater immigrated to the United States from England in 1789. He memorized the plans for building a ___________ machine and recreated it in the U.S.

______________ pioneered textile manufacturing in the United States.

____________patented a more cost-effective process for producing steel.

Because of the factory system, more products became available to consumers. Competition and availability led to __________ prices for consumers

to remove harmful bacteria and other germs

The Polish scientist Marie Curie discovered multiple ______________elements. She developed mobile X-ray machines used in World War I. Because of these accomplishments, she was awarded two Nobel Prizes.

Named after our first president, George Washington Carver developed techniques for using ____________ products to make new foods.

In 1903, the ____________brothers flew the first engine-powered flying machine.

What Thomas Edison invention replaced the need for gas lighting in buildings?