밀줄 친 부분 중, 어법상 틀린 것은?(33번)

As much as we can learn by examining fossils, it is important to remember that they seldom tell the entire story. Things only fossilize under certain sets of conditions. Modern insect communities are highly diverse in tropical forests, but the recent fossil record captures little of ①that diversity. Many creatures are consumed entirely or decompose ②rapidly when they die, so there may be no fossil record at all for important groups. It’s a bit similar to a family photo album. Maybe when you were born your parents took lots of pictures, but over the years they took photographs occasionally, and sometimes they got busy and forgot ③to take pictures at all. Very few of us ④has a complete photo record of our life. Fossils are just like that. Sometimes you get very clear pictures of the past, while at other times there are big gaps, and you need to notice what ⑤they are.

(A),(B),(C)의 각 [ ]안에서 어법에 맞는 표현으로 가장 적절한 것은?(30번)

Recent research suggests that evolving humans’ relationship with dogs changed the structure of both species’ brains. One of the various physical changes (A)[caused/were caused] by domestication is a reduction in the size of the brain: 16 percent for horses, 34 percent for pigs, and 10 to 30 percent for dogs. This is (B)[why/because] once humans started to take care of these animals, they no longer needed various brain functions in order to survive. Animals who were fed and protected by humans did not need many of the skills required by their wild ancestors and lost the parts of the brain related to those capacities. A similar process occurred for humans, who seem to (C)[have been domesticated/have domesticated] by wolves. About 10,000 years ago, when the role of dogs was firmly established in most human societies, the human brain also shrank by about 10 percent.

다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중, 어법상 틀린 것을 있는 대로 고르면?(24번)

Chewing leads to smaller particles for swallowing, and [a]more exposed surface area for digestive enzymes to act. In other words, it means the extraction of more fuel and raw materials from a mouthful of food. This is especially important for mammals [b]because they heat their bodies from within. [c]Chewing gives mammals the energy needing to be active not only during the day but also the cool night, and to live in colder climates or places with changing temperatures. [d]It allows them to sustain higher levels of activity and travel speeds to cover larger distances, avoid predators, capture prey, and make and care for their young. [e]Mammals are able to live in an incredibly variety of habitats, from Arctic tundra to Antarctic pack ice, deep open waters to high-altitude mountaintops, and rainforests to deserts, in no small measure because of their teeth.

다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중, 문맥상 낱말의 쓰임이 적절하지 않은 것은?(22번)

FOBO, or Fear of a Better Option, is the anxiety that something better will come along, which makes it ①undesirable to commit to existing choices when making a decision. It’s an affliction of ②shortage that drives you to keep all of your options open and to avoid risks. Rather than assessing your options, choosing one, and moving on with your day, you ③delay the inevitable. It’s not unlike hitting the snooze button on your alarm clock only to pull the covers over your head and fall back asleep. As you probably found out the hard way, if you hit snooze enough times, you’ll end up being late and racing for the office, your day and mood ④ruined. While pressing snooze feels so good at the moment, it ultimately demands a ⑤cost.

다음 빈칸에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것은?(40번)

In their study in 2007 Katherine Kinzler and her colleagues at Harvard showed that our tendency to ________________________ to a large degree begins in infancy and may be innate. Kinzler and her team took a bunch of five-month-olds whose families only spoke English and showed the babies two videos. In one video, a woman was speaking English. In the other, a woman was speaking Spanish. Then they were shown a screen with both women side by side, not speaking. In infant psychology research, the standard measure for affinity or interest is attention ― babies will apparently stare longer at the things they like more. In Kinzler’s study, the babies stared at the English speakers longer. In other studies, researchers have found that infants are more likely to take a toy offered by someone who speaks the same language as them. Psychologists routinely cite these and other experiments as evidence of our built-in evolutionary preference for “our own kind.”

주어진 글 다음에 이어질 글의 순서로 가장 적절한 것은?(39번)

Earlier agricultural systems were integrated with and co-evolved with technologies, beliefs, myths and traditions as part of an integrated social system. Generally, people planted a variety of crops in different areas, in the hope of obtaining a reasonably stable food supply.

(A) Thus, ever more land is converted from forest (and other natural systems) for agriculture for export, rather than using land for subsistence crops.

(B) This has led to increased pressure on agricultural land for exchange commodities and export goods. More land is being diverted from local food production to “cash crops” for export and exchange; fewer types of crops are raised, and each crop is raised in much greater quantities than before.

(C) These systems could only be maintained at low population levels, and were relatively non-destructive (but not always). More recently, agriculture has in many places lost its local character, and has become incorporated into the global economy.

다음 글의 내용을 한 문장으로 요약하고자 한다. 빈칸(A)와 (B)에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것은?(23번)

The use of renewable sources of energy to produce electricity has increasingly been encouraged as a way to harmonize the need to secure electricity supply with environmental protection objectives. But the use of renewable sources also comes with its own consequences, which require consideration. Renewable sources of energy include a variety of sources such as hydropower and ocean-based technologies. Additionally, solar, wind, geothermal and biomass renewable sources also have their own impact on the environment. Hydropower dams, for example, have an impact on aquatic ecosystems and, more recently, have been identified as significant sources of greenhouse emissions. Wind, solar, and biomass also cause negative environmental impacts, such as visual pollution, intensive land occupation and negative effects on bird populations.

➦ Renewable sources of energy have their own (A)______ but they can (B)____________ the environment.

다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중, 문맥상 낱말의 쓰임이 적절하지 않은 것은?(30번)

Recent research suggests that evolving humans’ relationship with dogs changed the structure of both species’ brains. One of the various ①physical changes caused by domestication is a reduction in the size of the brain: 16 percent for horses, 34 percent for pigs, and 10 to 30 percent for dogs. This is ②because once humans started to take care of these animals, they no longer needed various brain functions in order to survive. Animals who were fed and protected by humans did not need many of the skills required by their wild ancestors and ③developed the parts of the brain related to those capacities. A ④similar process occurred for humans, who seem to have been domesticated by wolves. About 10,000 years ago, when the role of dogs was firmly established in most human societies, the human brain also ⑤shrank by about 10 percent.

다음 밑줄 친 부분 중에서 어법상 틀린 것은?(35번)

The Barnum Effect is the phenomenon ①where someone reads or hears something very general but believes ②that it applies to them. These statements appear to be very personal on the surface but in fact, they are true for many. Human psychology allows us ③to want to believe things that we can identify with on a personal level and even seek information where it doesn’t necessarily exist, filling in the blanks with our imagination for the rest. This is the principle ④which horoscopes rely on, offering data that appears to be personal but probably makes sense to countless people. Since the people ⑤read them want to believe the information so badly, they will search for meaning in their lives that make it true.

다음 빈칸에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것은?(31번)

The need to be is the intuitive force that sparks our imaginations and opens pathways to life-changing opportunities. It is the catalyst for progress and personal freedom. Public transportation has been vital to that progress and freedom for more than two centuries. The transportation industry has always done more than carry travelers from one destination to another. It connects people, places, and possibilities. It provides access to what people need, what they love, and what they aspire to become. In so doing, it grows communities, creates jobs, strengthens the economy, expands social and commercial networks, saves time and energy, and helps millions of people achieve a better life.

다음 글의 빈칸에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절하지 않은 것은?(40번)

In their study in 2007 Katherine Kinzler and her colleagues at Harvard showed that our tendency to identify with an in-group to a large degree begins in infancy and may be ______________. Kinzler and her team took a bunch of five-month-olds whose families only spoke English and showed the babies two videos. In one video, a woman was speaking English. In the other, a woman was speaking Spanish. Then they were shown a screen with both women side by side, not speaking. In infant psychology research, the standard measure for affinity or interest is attention ― babies will apparently stare longer at the things they like more. In Kinzler’s study, the babies stared at the English speakers longer. In other studies, researchers have found that infants are more likely to take a toy offered by someone who speaks the same language as them. Psychologists routinely cite these and other experiments as evidence of our built-in evolutionary preference for “our own kind.”

① innate ② inborn ③ natural

④ acquired ⑤ inherent

다음 글의 빈칸에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것은? (29번)

Each species of animals can detect a different range of odours. No species can detect all the molecules that are present in the environment in which it lives ― there are some things that we cannot smell but which some other animals can, and vice versa. There are also differences between individuals, relating to the ability to smell an odour, or how pleasant it seems. (A)___________ , some people like the taste of coriander ― known as cilantro in the USA ― while others find it soapy and unpleasant. This effect has an underlying genetic component due to differences in the genes controlling our sense of smell. (B)___________ , the selection of scents detected by a given species, and how that odour is perceived, will depend upon the animal’s ecology. The response profile of each species will enable it to locate sources of smell that are relevant to it and to respond accordingly.

다음 글에서 전체 흐름과 관계없는 문장은? (24번)

Chewing leads to smaller particles for swallowing, and more exposed surface area for digestive enzymes to act on. In other words, it means the extraction of more fuel and raw materials from a mouthful of food. ①This is especially important for mammals because they heat their bodies from within. ②Chewing gives mammals the energy needed to be active not only during the day but also the cool night, and to live in colder climates or places with changing temperatures. ③Mammals are able to live in an incredible variety of habitats, from Arctic tundra to Antarctic pack ice, deep open waters to high-altitude mountaintops, and rainforests to deserts, in no small measure because of their teeth. ④ Arctic tundra contains areas of harsh landscape and is frozen for much of the year so the soil there is frozen 25 to 90 cm down, making it impossible for trees to grow. ⑤Chewing allows them to sustain higher levels of activity and travel speeds to cover larger distances, avoid predators, capture prey, and make and care for their young.

다음 글에서 밑줄 친 having others around you to compensate might very well just do the trick 이 의미하는 바로 가장 적절한 것은?

[202011H1_32빈칸추론_변형]

Business consultant Frans Johansson describes the Medici effect as the emergence of new ideas and creative solutions when different backgrounds and disciplines come together. The term is derived from the 15th-century Medici family, who helped usher in the Renaissance by bringing together artists, writers, and other creatives from all over the world. Arguably, the Renaissance was a result of the exchange of ideas between these different groups in close contact with each other. Sound familiar? If you are unable to diversify your own talent and skill, then having others around you to compensate might very well just do the trick. Believing that all new ideas come from combining existing notions in creative ways, Johansson recommends utilizing a mix of backgrounds, experiences, and expertise in staffing to bring about the best possible solutions, perspectives, and innovations in business.

* usher in: ~이 시작되게 하다

다음 글의 주제로 가장 적절한 것은?

[202011H1_34빈칸추론_변형]

Back in 1996, an American airline was faced with an interesting problem. At a time when most other airlines were losing money or going under, over 100 cities were begging the company to service their locations. However, that’s not the interesting part. What’s interesting is that the company turned down over 95 percent of those offers and began serving only four new locations. It turned down tremendous growth because company leadership had set an upper limit for growth. Sure, its executives wanted to grow each year, but they didn’t want to grow too much. Unlike other famous companies, they wanted to set their own pace, one that could be sustained in the long term. By doing this, they established a safety margin for growth that helped them continue to thrive at a time when the other airlines were flailing.

* flail: 마구 흔들리다

(A), (B), (C)의 각 괄호 안에서 문맥에 맞는 낱말로 가장 적절한 것은?

[202011H1_36순서추론_변형]

Imagine yourself at a party. It is dark and a group of friends ask you to take a picture of them. You grab your camera, point, and shoot your friends. The camera automatically turns on the flash as there is not enough light available to produce a correct (A) [exposure / limitation]. The result is half of your friends appear in the picture with two bright red circles instead of their eyes. This is a common problem called the red-eye effect. It is caused because the light from the flash (B) [penetrates / reflects] the eyes through the pupils, and then gets reflected to the camera from the back of the eyes where a large amount of blood is present. This blood is the reason why the eyes look red in the photograph. This effect is more noticeable when there is not much light in the environment. This is because pupils dilate when it is dark, allowing more light to get inside the eye and producing a (C) [smaller / larger] red-eye effect

다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중, 문맥상 낱말의 쓰임이 적절하지 않은 것은?

[202011H1_37순서추론_변형]

Even though two variables seem to be related, there may not be a causal relationship. In fact, the two variables may merely seem to be ① associated with each other due to the effect of some third variable. Sociologists call such ② misleading relationships spurious. A classic example is the apparent association between children’s shoe size and reading ability. It seems that as shoe size increases, reading ability improves. Does this mean that the size of one’s feet (independent variable) ③ prevents an improvement in reading skills (dependent variable)? Certainly not. This ④ false relationship is caused by a third factor, age, that is related to shoe size as well as reading ability. Hence, when researchers attempt to make causal claims about the relationship between an independent and a dependent variable, they must control for ― or rule out ― other variables that may be ⑤ creating a spurious relationship.

* variable: 변인 ** spurious: 허위의, 가짜의

주어진 글 다음에 이어질 글의 순서로 가장 적절한 것을 고르시오.

[202011H1_38문장삽입_변형]

Daylight isn’t the only signal that the brain can use for the purpose of biological clock resetting, though it is the principal and preferential signal, when present.

(A) Any signal that the brain uses for the purpose of clock resetting is termed a zeitgeber, from the German “time giver” or “synchronizer.” Thus, while light is the most reliable and thus the primary zeitgeber, there are many factors that can be used in addition to, or in the absence of, daylight.

(B) It is the reason that individuals with certain forms of blindness do not entirely lose their circadian rhythm. Despite not receiving light cues due to their blindness, other phenomena act as their resetting triggers.

(C) So long as they are reliably repeating, the brain can also use other external cues, such as food, exercise, and even regularly timed social interaction. All of these events have the ability to reset the biological clock, allowing it to strike a precise twenty-four-hour note.

* circadian rhythm: 24시간 주기 리듬

다음 글의 주제로 가장 적절한 것은?

[202011H1_39문장삽입_변형]

Earlier agricultural systems were integrated with and co-evolved with technologies, beliefs, myths and traditions as part of an integrated social system. Generally, people planted a variety of crops in different areas, in the hope of obtaining a reasonably stable food supply. These systems could only be maintained at low population levels, and were relatively non-destructive (but not always). More recently, agriculture has in many places lost its local character, and has become incorporated into the global economy. This has led to increased pressure on agricultural land for exchange commodities and export goods. More land is being diverted from local food production to “cash crops” for export and exchange; fewer types of crops are raised, and each crop is raised in much greater quantities than before. Thus, ever more land is converted from forest (and other natural systems) for agriculture for export, rather than using land for subsistence crops.

* subsistence crop: 자급자족용 작물