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WorksheetsAP Biology with Mr. Deniz 1st Semester Final
Total questions: 30
Worksheet time: 2hrs 30mins
Which feature of model 1 best illustrates how biological information is coded in a DNA
DNA molecule?
The 5' and 3′ labels at the ends of each strand
The labeling of the hydrogen bonds between base pairs
The lines connecting sugars and phosphate groups that represent covalent bonds
The linear sequence of the base pairs
Figure 1 represents a segment of DNA
DNA. Radiation can damage the nucleotides in a DNA
DNA molecule. To repair some types of damage, a single nucleotide can be removed from a DNA
DNA molecule and replaced with an undamaged nucleotide. Which of the four labeled bonds in Figure 1 could be broken to remove and replace the cytosine nucleotide without affecting the biological information coded in the DNA
DNA molecule?
Bond X only
Bond W only
Bonds Y and Z at the same time
Bonds W and Z at the same time
A student wants to modify the model so that it represents an RNA double helix instead of a DNA
DNA double helix.
Of the following possible changes, which would be most effective in making the model look more like RNA than DNA
DNA?
Changing the sequence of the base pairs
Changing the deoxyriboses to riboses by adding −OH groups
Changing the shapes of the nitrogenous bases to match those shown in model 2
Changing the sugar-phosphate backbone to a ribbon, as shown in model 3
As shown in the diagram, when environmental temperatures drop below freezing, a layer of ice typically forms on the surface of bodies of fresh water such as lakes and rivers.
Which of the following best describes how the structure of ice benefits the organisms that live in the water below?
The water molecules in ice are closer together than those in liquid water, so the ice prevents the passage of air to the water, maintaining a constant gas mixture in the water.
The water molecules in ice are closer together than those in liquid water, so the ice forms a barrier that protects the organisms in the water from the freezing air temperatures.
The water molecules in ice are farther apart than those in liquid water, so the ice floats, maintaining the warmer, denser water at the lake bottom.
The water molecules in ice are farther apart than those in liquid water, so the ice floats, preventing the escape of gases from the liquid water.
A polypeptide is a polymer of amino acids held together by peptide bonds. The process of dehydration synthesis creates these peptide bonds, as shown in Figure 1.
As shown in Figure 1, an amino acid must have which of the following properties in order to be incorporated into a polypeptide?
The ability to remain stable in the presence of water molecules
An R-group that is compatible with the R-group of the last amino acid incorporated
A central carbon atom reacts with a nitrogen atom to form the peptide bond
The ability to form a covalent bond with both its NH2
group and its COOH group
Which of the following is a common feature of the illustrated reactions showing the linking of monomers to form macromolecules?
Two identical monomers are joined by a covalent bond.
Two different monomers are joined by a covalent bond.
Monomers are joined by a covalent bond, and a water molecule is produced.
Monomers are joined by ionic bonds, and a water molecule is produced.
Which of the following best describes a structural similarity between the two molecules shown in Figure 1 that is relevant to their function?
Both molecules are composed of the same four nucleotides, which allows each molecule to be produced from the same pool of available nucleotides.
Both molecules are composed of the same type of five-carbon sugar, which allows each molecule to act as a building block for the production of polysaccharides
Both molecules contain nucleotides that form base pairs with other nucleotides, which allows each molecule to act as a template in the synthesis of other nucleic acid molecules.
Both molecules contain nitrogenous bases and phosphate groups, which allows each molecule to be used as a monomer in the synthesis of proteins and lipids.
A certain type of specialized cell contains an unusually large amount of rough endoplasmic reticulum. Which of the following functions is this cell type most likely specialized to perform?
The production and secretion of steroids
The destruction of toxic materials produced in other cells of the organism
The synthesis of polysaccharides for energy storage
The production and secretion of proteins
A scientist is studying the various prokaryotic and eukaryotic species found floating in a sample of water taken from a marine ecosystem.
Which cellular component will be found in the widest range of organisms in the sample?
The chloroplast, since all organisms need a source of energy.
The ribosome, since all organisms need to synthesize proteins.
The mitochondrion, since all organisms need to break down glucose.
The cell wall, since all marine organisms need them for support.
In an experiment, researchers provided a radiolabeled amino acid to living plant cells. After one hour, the researchers determined the amount of the radiolabeled amino acid that was in each of several subcellular compartments. The results of the experiment are represented in the table.
It was mostly incorporated into nucleic acids that store the biological information.
It was mostly incorporated into proteins that regulate and manage metabolic reactions
It was mostly incorporated into lipids that help separate cells from their surrounding environment.
It was mostly incorporated into carbohydrates that form protective structures outside the cells.
Some cells, such as intestinal cells, exchange a lot of material with their surroundings. The surface-to-volume ratio of these cells affects the efficiency of material exchange. The table provides measurements of four different eukaryotic cells.
Based on the data, which cell is likely to be most effective in the exchange of materials?
Cell 1
Cell 2
Cell 3
Cell 4
The figure shows a representation of a protein embedded in a cell membrane. The numbers indicate different structural regions of the protein.
Based on the figure, which of the following statements best describes the relationship between regions 1 and 2 of the protein?
Region 1 is hydrophilic because it interacts with the interior of the membrane, whereas region 2 is hydrophobic because it interacts with an aqueous environment.
Region 1 is hydrophilic because it interacts with an aqueous environment, whereas region 2 is hydrophobic because it interacts with the interior of the membrane.
Region 1 is hydrophobic because it interacts with the interior of the membrane, whereas region 2 is hydrophilic because it interacts with an aqueous environment
Region 1 is hydrophobic because it interacts with an aqueous environment, whereas region 2 is hydrophilic because it interacts with the interior of the membrane.
Which of the following transport mechanisms will be affected most directly by a temporary shortage of ATP molecules inside the cell?
The movement of water molecules through aquaporins
The diffusion of oxygen molecules across the plasma membrane
The transport of glucose molecules against a concentration gradient
The facilitated diffusion of Ca ions into the cel
A magnesium sulfate solution taken orally can cause a net movement of water into the large intestine, which results from water molecules diffusing through aquaporins embedded in the cells of the intestinal lining. By which of the following mechanisms do the water molecules most likely move into the large intestine?
By passive transport from an area of low osmolarity to an area of high osmolarity
By passive transport from an area of high osmolarity to an area of low osmolarity
By active transport from an area of low osmolarity to an area of high osmolarity
By active transport from an area of high osmolarity to an area of low osmolarity
Aldosterone (a steroid hormone) is a small, nonpolar, hydrophobic molecule that enters a target cell by moving across the plasma membrane, down a concentration gradient.
Based on the information presented, how does aldosterone most likely enter target cells?
By simple diffusion
By facilitated diffusion
By active transport
By endocytosis
Some viral infections can lead to the rupture of the lysosome membrane.
Which prediction of the effect of this disruption of cellular compartmentalization is most likely correct?
Enzymes will be released that will specifically target the virus.
Cellular osmotic concentrations will change, preventing viral entry into the cell.
Hydrolytic enzymes will be released, which will cause cell death
Intracellular digestion of organic materials will increase, which will increase the energy available to the cell for fighting the virus.
Gaucher disease is an inherited disorder in which cells of the body are unable to break down a particular type of lipid, resulting in a buildup of the lipid in some tissues and organs.
Based on the information provided, Gaucher disease results most directly from a defect in the function of which of the following organelles?
The smooth endoplasmic reticulum
The nucleus
The lysosome
The mitochondrion
Researchers have proposed a model of chloroplast evolution. According to the model, chloroplasts evolved from a small prokaryotic organism that was engulfed by an ancestral eukaryote. The engulfed prokaryote then formed an endosymbiotic relationship with the eukaryotic host.
Which of the following observations best supports the model?
Chloroplasts are separated from other subcellular compartments by semipermeable membranes.
Prokaryotic and eukaryotic organisms both acquire nutrients from the surrounding environment.
Eukaryotes evolved after prokaryotes and have more complex structures.
Chloroplasts and some prokaryotes share similar photosynthetic reactions.
A researcher proposes a model to explain how enzyme-substrate interactions determine enzyme specificity.
The model is based on the idea that substrate molecules form favorable interactions with the amino acid side chains in an enzyme’s active site.
Based on the model, which of the following statements best explains an enzyme’s specificity for a particular substrate molecule?
A hydrophilic molecule interacts with nonpolar side chains in the enzyme’s active site.
A hydrophobic molecule interacts with polar side chains in the enzyme’s active site.
A molecule with positive charges interacts with positively charged side chains in the enzyme’s active site
A molecule with negative charges interacts with positively charged side chains in the enzyme’s active site.
A student designs an experiment to investigate the influence of temperature on enzyme function. The student’s plan is presented in Table 1.
Which test tubes are controls in the experiment?
Test tubes 1 and 2 only
Test tubes 5 and 6 only
Test tubes 1, 3, 5, and 7
Test tubes 2, 4, 6, and 8
In an experiment, a researcher prepares a reaction mixture by dissolving a substance in a buffered solution. The substance is the substrate of a certain enzyme. The researcher adds a small amount of the enzyme to the reaction mixture and measures the amount of product that is formed over time. The data are represented in Figure 1.
Figure 1. The amount of product formed by an enzyme-catalyzed reaction over time Which of the following best predicts the immediate result of adding more substrate to the reaction mixture at the point indicated by the arrow in Figure 1?
The amount of product will decrease until the reaction rate goes to zero.
The amount of product will decrease until the reaction reaches its equilibrium point or until the enzyme is been used up by the reaction.
The amount of product will increase until the reaction reaches its equilibrium point or until the substrate is used up by the reaction
The amount of product will increase without stopping because the enzyme will be unchanged by the reaction.
Which of the following steps in a signaling pathway typically occurs first once a chemical messenger reaches a target cell?
Specific genes are activated.
A second messenger molecule is produced.
A ligand binds to a receptor
Specific proteins are synthesized.
The insulin receptor is a transmembrane protein that plays a role in the regulation of glucose homeostasis. The receptor’s extracellular domain binds specifically to the peptide hormone insulin. The receptor’s intracellular domain interacts with cellular factors. The binding of insulin to the receptor stimulates a signal transduction pathway that results in the subcellular translocation of GLUT4 , a glucose transport protein that is stored in vesicles inside the cell. A simplified model of the insulin receptor–signaling pathway is shown in Figure 1.
Which of the following statements best predicts the effect of a loss of function of the insulin receptor’s intracellular domain?
The stimulation of the signal transduction pathway will increase
The storage of GLUT4 in vesicles inside the cell will increase.
The number of GLUT4 molecules in the plasma membrane will increase.
The concentration of glucose inside the cell will increase.
A model of the typical life cycle of a cell is shown in Figure 1.
Scientists have estimated that it takes yeast cells approximately 20 hours to complete the entire cycle. Table 1 shows the amount of time in each phase of the life cycle for yeast cells.
Table 1. Amount of time spent in each stage of the cell cycle by yeast cells.
Based on Table 1, what percent of the life cycle of yeast cells is spent in DNA replication?
5 percent
10 percent
25 percent
50 percent
Figure 1 represents the relative time and sequence of the phases of the cell cycle.
Figure 1. Representation of the cell cycle and identification of the / checkpoint
Which statement best predicts why a cell’s progression through the cell cycle might be halted at the / checkpoint?
Spindle fibers have not correctly attached to chromosomes.
There are not enough nucleotides available to construct new .DNA
Damage occurred to DNA when it was being copied in G1.
Proteins necessary for the M phase of the cell cycle have not been produced.
For sexually reproducing diploid parent cells, which of the following statements best explains the production of haploid cells that occurs in meiosis but not in mitosis?
Separation of chromatids occurs once, and there is one round of cell division in meiosis.
Separation of chromatids occurs twice, and there are two rounds of cell division in mitosis.
Separation of chromatids occurs once, and there are two rounds of cell division in meiosis.
Separation of chromatids occurs twice, and there is one round of cell division in mitosis.
Which of the following best explains a distinction between metaphase 1 and metaphase 2?
The nuclear membrane breaks down during metaphase 1 but not during metaphase 2.
Chromosomes align at the equator of the cell during metaphase 2 but not during metaphase 1.
The meiotic spindle is needed during metaphase 1 but not during metaphase 2 .
Homologous pairs of chromosomes are aligned during metaphase 1, but individual chromosomes are aligned during metaphase 2 .
A model of crossing over during gamete formation is shown in Figure 1.
Based on Figure 1, which of the following questions could best be addressed?
Does the synapsis of homologous chromosomes in the parent cell contribute to an increase in genetic diversity in the daughter cells?
Do sister chromatids separate and form diploid daughter cells?
Do chromatids from nonhomologous chromosomes rearrange to produce identical daughter cells?
Does synapsis of homologous chromosomes produce daughter cells that are identical to the parent cell?
Researchers performed a dihybrid cross with coffee bean plants to investigate whether the inheritance of two traits (height and stem circumference) follows Mendel’s law of independent assortment. The data for the generation are presented in Table 1.
Which of the following is closest to the calculated chi-square value for the data presented in Table 1?
8.35
72.01
98.00
2,546.00
Researchers hypothesized that red-eye color in Japanese koi, a type of fish, is due to a mutation. To study the inheritance of red-eye color in koi, the researchers conducted breeding experiments over several generations. The results are summarized in Figure 1.
Based on the data in Figure 1, which of the following is the best prediction of the mode of inheritance of red eyes in Japanese koi?
The allele for red eyes is inherited in an autosomal dominant pattern
The allele for red eyes is inherited in an autosomal recessive pattern.
The allele for red eyes is inherited in an X -linked recessive pattern
The allele for red eyes is inherited in an X-linked dominant pattern.
