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WorksheetsAP World History Unit 5 Exam
Total questions: 75
Worksheet time: 43mins
“Americans today . . . who live within the Spanish system occupy a position in society no better than that of serfs destined for labor, or at best they have no more status than that of mere consumers. Yet even this status is surrounded with galling restrictions, such as being forbidden to grow European crops, or to store products which are royal monopolies, or to establish factories of a type the Peninsula itself does not possess. To this add the exclusive trading privileges, even in articles of prime necessity, and the barriers between American provinces, designed to prevent all exchange of trade, traffic, and understanding.”
Simón Bolívar, Jamaica Letter, 1815
The quotation above best supports which of the following conclusions about the author’s motives for resistance to Spanish colonial rule in Latin America?
Bolívar opposed the use of Native Americans and Africans as forced laborers in Latin America.
Bolívar rejected Spanish mercantilist policies that restricted free trade in Latin America.
Bolívar was alarmed by the excessive consumerism in the Spanish empire.
Bolívar hoped to undo the effects of the Columbian exchange.
Slavery and serfdom were abolished in the 1860s in
Great Britain and Brazil
the United States and Russia
France and Algeria
Austria-Hungary and India
China and the Ottoman Empire
“Americans . . . who live within the Spanish system occupy a position in society as mere consumers. Yet even this status is surrounded with galling restrictions, such as being forbidden to grow European crops, or to store products that are royal monopolies, or to establish factories of a type the Peninsula itself does not possess. To this, add the exclusive trading privileges, even in articles of prime necessity . . . in short, do you wish to know what our future held?–simply the cultivation of the fields of indigo, grain, coffee, sugarcane, cacao, and cotton; cattle raising on the broad plains; hunting wild game in the jungles; digging in the earth to mine its gold.”
Simón Bolívar, “Jamaica Letter,” 1815
Which of the following groups was Bolívar most trying to influence with this letter?
Mulatto shopkeepers
Plantation slaves
Amerindian miners
Creole elites
“Americans . . . who live within the Spanish system occupy a position in society as mere consumers. Yet even this status is surrounded with galling restrictions, such as being forbidden to grow European crops, or to store products that are royal monopolies, or to establish factories of a type the Peninsula itself does not possess. To this, add the exclusive trading privileges, even in articles of prime necessity . . . in short, do you wish to know what our future held?–simply the cultivation of the fields of indigo, grain, coffee, sugarcane, cacao, and cotton; cattle raising on the broad plains; hunting wild game in the jungles; digging in the earth to mine its gold.”
Simón Bolívar, “Jamaica Letter,” 1815
Bolívar was describing the effects of which of the following economic policies?
Feudalism
Mercantilism
Socialism
Capitalism
The Australian catalog page of 1929 shown above shows women primarily as
mothers
executives
patriots
participants in competitive sports
consumers in a world economy
Which of the following European developments is most closely associated with the revolution in Haiti?
The Protestant Reformation
The Russian Revolution
The French Revolution
The Industrial Revolution
“[Nineteenth-century] Indian liberal ideas, I argue, were foundational to all forms of Indian nationalism and the country’s modern politics. ... But a fine line was to be drawn between instructing women and permitting excessive license in gender relations, which was seen as a Western corruption.”
Christopher Bayly, British historian, Recovering Liberties: Indian Thought in the Age of Liberalism and Empire, 2012
The Indian liberal view of women discussed in the passage is best understood in the context of which of the following?
Changes in gender roles as a result of Indian industrialization
Emerging women’s suffrage and feminist movements
The predominantly male migration of Indian indentured labor overseas
The development of more effective means of birth control
“[Nineteenth-century] Indian liberal ideas, I argue, were foundational to all forms of Indian nationalism and the country’s modern politics. ... But a fine line was to be drawn between instructing women and permitting excessive license in gender relations, which was seen as a Western corruption.”
Christopher Bayly, British historian, Recovering Liberties: Indian Thought in the Age of Liberalism and Empire, 2012
Many Indian historians after independence would likely have objected to Bayly’s characterization of Indian liberalism on the basis of their belief that
Indian nationalism was inspired predominantly by Indian cultural and political traditions
environmental considerations were a primary motive behind Indian nationalist sentiment
French literary theories in the late twentieth century were critical to understanding Indian nationalism
the military rebellion in support of the last Mughal emperor was the defining moment for Indian nationalism
“[Nineteenth-century] Indian liberal ideas, I argue, were foundational to all forms of Indian nationalism and the country’s modern politics. ... But a fine line was to be drawn between instructing women and permitting excessive license in gender relations, which was seen as a Western corruption.”
Christopher Bayly, British historian, Recovering Liberties: Indian Thought in the Age of Liberalism and Empire, 2012
Based on Bayly’s argument, Indian liberal ideas were most clearly influenced by which of the following?
Classical Indian religious and philosophical traditions
Marxist political theories of class struggle
Enlightenment concepts of natural rights
Laissez-faire capitalism espoused by European thinkers
Which of the following best describes an important difference between Karl Marx’s theory of socialist revolution and that of V. I. Lenin?
Only Marx stressed the importance of the “class struggle” in history.
Only Marx stressed the primary role of the industrial proletariat.
Only Marx thought that a socialist revolution must be achieved through parliamentary reform.
Only Lenin argued that the workers’ revolution would have to be led by professional revolutionaries.
Only Lenin argued that revolution would occur in the most industrialized countries.
In what way did the Haitian Revolution differ from the French Revolution?
The French Revolution was inspired by Enlightenment ideas while the Haitian Revolution was not.
The Haitian Revolution began because of unfair taxation by the French king.
The leaders of the Haitian Revolution came from a different social class than did the leaders of the French Revolution.
The leaders of the French Revolution wanted religious freedom while the leaders of the Haitian Revolution wanted equal representation.
“I think we should continue to emphasize the history and culture of the West, while encompassing the rest, because the West has in fact made the world we know. Anyone who wants to participate in the world community in the coming century had better know how and why the West has defined, and will continue to define, world civilization. Why do I say that? Because everybody wants what we have: science and technology, prosperity, and democracy—that is, our philosophy, our economics, our politics. It is the simple truth that science and technology emerge out of Western philosophy, not out of the philosophy of India, China, or the African nations. Since it is a fact that people everywhere aspire to the material advantages that flow, uniquely I think, from the modes of social organization that the West has devised—its economics, its science and technology, and also its politics and philosophy—I think it is time to stop apologizing and start analyzing what has made [the West] the world-defining power that it is.”
Jacob Neusner, historian, “It is Time to Stop Apologizing for Western Civilization and to Start Analyzing Why It Defines World Culture,” The Chronicle of Higher Education, 1989
The author’s argument regarding the effects of Western philosophy on the world is likely based on which of the following?
The technological innovations of Greece and Rome
The global spread of Christianity as a result of European trade and conquest
The adoption of European Enlightenment political and scientific principles worldwide
The globalization of popular European postmodern philosophy
A SKETCH BY JAN BRANDES, DUTCH LUTHERAN MINISTER LIVING IN JAKARTA, INDONESIA, 1784
The sketch shows the artist’s son Johnny and Flora, an enslaved Indonesian household servant.
Which of the following would most directly challenge the labor system portrayed in the sketch?
Trade unionism
The Enlightenment
Social Darwinism
Marxism
Which of the following contributed the most to the growth of the movement to abolish slavery in the Atlantic world?
Increased availability of Asian indentured labor
The adaptation of Enlightenment ideas challenging established social hierarchies
The efforts of industrialists to create a more flexible workforce
A decline in the number of enslaved persons being taken from Africa
Many historians have argued that by the late nineteenth century the industrialized nations of Europe had achieved global economic dominance more through force and coercion than through the superiority of their industrial products. Which of the following nineteenth-century developments would best support this contention?
The growth of industrial production in North America
The growth of South American agricultural exports
The abolition of slavery in the Americas
The decline of the Indian textile industry’s share of global manufacturing
Which of the following best describes how nineteenth-century European industrialization affected European women’s lives?
By the end of the century, new social welfare legislation made it possible for most women to earn university degrees.
Married women found it increasingly difficult to balance wage work and family responsibilities.
By the end of the century, women gained the right to vote in most European countries.
Women came to dominate the agricultural workforce as men moved to cities to take industrial jobs.
The first successful revolution in the Caribbean and South America was launched in
Haiti
Argentina
Cuba
Columbia
Jamaica
Adoption of which of the following power sources has contributed the most to increasing the energy available to humans?
Draft animals
Wind power
Fossil fuels
Nuclear power
The gender and age makeup of the workforce shown in Image 2 best illustrates which of the following phenomena in mid-nineteenth-century European society?
Working-class families and bourgeois families generally had similar occupational patterns.
Within factories, skilled workers continued to be predominantly male, while women and children continued to perform mostly unskilled factory work.
The development of working-class neighborhoods was characterized by unsanitary living conditions and high levels of crime.
As more women moved into office or clerical jobs, factory owners’ treatment of female workers improved.
Image 1 best illustrates which of the following broad economic transformations in the period circa 1750?
The transition from an industrial to a postindustrial economy
The transition from a human- and animal-powered economy to a fossil-fuel economy
The transition from the First Industrial Revolution to the Second Industrial Revolution
The transition from guild-system manufacturing to putting-out-system manufacturing
Which of the following was the most immediate effect of the processes illustrated in the images?
A renewed push for overseas colonies as European countries competed for new sources of coal
The launch of European-sponsored industrialization efforts in Asian and African countries
A decline in Asian countries’ share of world manufacturing as Asian goods lost ground to European imports
The emergence of Germany as the dominant industrial power in Europe following German unification
In the second half of the nineteenth century, the working conditions depicted in Image 2 served as an inspiration for those arguing that
oil and electricity rather than coal should become the basis of a new industrial economy
the negative environmental impacts of industrialization should be addressed by stringent regulations
the negative social effects of capitalism should be alleviated by enacting factory regulations
a Protestant work ethic was the most important factor behind Europe’s global economic dominance
“Without a revolutionary theory there can be no revolutionary movement. The role of vanguard fighter can be fulfilled only by a party that is guided by the most advanced theory. We have said that there could not have been Social-Democratic consciousness among the workers. It could only be brought to them from without. The history of all countries shows that the working class, exclusively by its own effort, is able to develop only trade union consciousness, i.e., the conviction that it is necessary to combine in unions, fight the employers, and strive to compel the government to pass necessary labor legislation. The theory of socialism, however, grew out of the philosophic, historical, and economic theories elaborated by educated representatives of the propertied classes, the intellectuals. Our worst sin with regard to organization is that by our amateurishness we have lowered the prestige of revolutionaries in Russia.”
Vladimir Lenin, Russian exile in Switzerland, What Is to Be Done?, 1902
In the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, some governments responded to the growing popularity of ideas such as the ones expressed in the passage by doing which of the following?
Increasing the number of financial instruments available to help expand transnational businesses
Expanding colonial territories and increasing industrial production
Passing reforms designed to improve the conditions of industrial workers
Opening large sectors of the economy to foreign direct investment
“Without a revolutionary theory there can be no revolutionary movement. The role of vanguard fighter can be fulfilled only by a party that is guided by the most advanced theory. We have said that there could not have been Social-Democratic consciousness among the workers. It could only be brought to them from without. The history of all countries shows that the working class, exclusively by its own effort, is able to develop only trade union consciousness, i.e., the conviction that it is necessary to combine in unions, fight the employers, and strive to compel the government to pass necessary labor legislation. The theory of socialism, however, grew out of the philosophic, historical, and economic theories elaborated by educated representatives of the propertied classes, the intellectuals. Our worst sin with regard to organization is that by our amateurishness we have lowered the prestige of revolutionaries in Russia.”
Vladimir Lenin, Russian exile in Switzerland, What Is to Be Done?, 1902
“Without a revolutionary theory there can be no revolutionary movement. The role of vanguard fighter can be fulfilled only by a party that is guided by the most advanced theory. We have said that there could not have been Social-Democratic consciousness among the workers. It could only be brought to them from without. The history of all countries shows that the working class, exclusively by its own effort, is able to develop only trade union consciousness, i.e., the conviction that it is necessary to combine in unions, fight the employers, and strive to compel the government to pass necessary labor legislation. The theory of socialism, however, grew out of the philosophic, historical, and economic theories elaborated by educated representatives of the propertied classes, the intellectuals. Our worst sin with regard to organization is that by our amateurishness we have lowered the prestige of revolutionaries in Russia.”
Vladimir Lenin, Russian exile in Switzerland, What Is to Be Done?, 1902
The views expressed in the passage best illustrate which of the following processes?
The modification of the economic theories of Adam Smith and John Stuart Mill in European universities
The desire to retain preindustrial forms of economic production by many imperial governments
The formulation of alternative visions of society in response to the spread of global capitalism
The expansion of the middle classes in newly industrialized societies
Which of the following factors contributed most to the increase of world population in the period 1750 to 1900 C.E.?
A decline in the frequency and deadliness of warfare
Improvements in agricultural productivity and food distribution
Improvements in rural health care
A rapid increase in birth rates throughout the globe
Which of the following best explains the general increase in the living standards of industrial workers between 1800 and 1914?
Deficit-spending policies by governments in major industrial states
The implementation of strong protective tariffs
The increased supply of inexpensive consumer goods
Implementation of utopian socialist ideas in the organization of factory labor
In the period from 1750 to 1850, which of the following political ideologies was gaining increasing influence in western Europe and parts of the Atlantic world?
Liberalism
Absolutism
Fascism
Communism
The beginning of the Industrial Revolution in Great Britain was most influenced by which of the following factors?
The amount and location of British petroleum reserves
The location and large number of British coal deposits
The aggressive promotion of industrialization by George III
The spread of cotton cultivation in southern England
Which of the following best supports the view of some world historians that the eighteenth century marked a major turning point in world history?
The beginning of European colonization of Africa
The beginning of the Wahhabi movement of Islamic renewal in Arabia
The beginning of European colonization of Australia and New Zealand
The beginning of the Industrial Revolution in England
“I have longed to make the acquaintance of a ‘modern girl,’ that proud, independent girl who has all my sympathy! I do not belong to the Indian world, but to that of my sisters who are struggling forward in the distant West. If the laws of my land permitted it, I would be like the new woman in Europe; but age-long traditions that cannot be broken hold us back. Someday those traditions will loosen and let us go, but it may be three, four generations after us. Oh, you do not know what it is to love this young, new age with heart and soul, and yet to be bound hand and foot, chained by all the laws, customs, and conventions of one’s land. All our institutions are directly opposed to the progress for which I so long for the sake of our people. Day and night I wonder by what means our ancient traditions could be overcome. But it was not the voices alone which reached me from that distant, bright, new-born Europe, which made me long for a change in existing conditions for women. Even in my childhood, the word ‘emancipation’ enchanted my ears and awakened in me an ever-growing longing for freedom and independence—a longing to stand alone.”
Raden Adjeng Kartini, Javanese noblewoman in Dutch Indonesia, letter to a friend, Java, 1899
Which of the following best explains Kartini’s familiarity with the ideas regarding social roles that she discusses in her letter?
The expansion of public education systems as governments increasingly centralized
The spread of Enlightenment thought as empires consolidated control over their territories
The development of new mass media technologies such as radio
The increasing overseas migration of Asians as laborers in European colonies
Which of the following statements is true of Latin American independence movements in the nineteenth century?
Slaves led a majority of the armed revolts.
Creole elites led most revolts against colonial rule.
The United States provided military and financial support to all the revolts.
The revolts led to the elimination of racial discrimination throughout Latin America.
Which of the following was the key factor in the start of Latin American independence?
Slave uprisings
Creole grievances about their lack of political authority
The end of the Napoleonic Wars
Enlightenment ideas about religious tolerance
In nineteenth-century liberal democratic theory, a woman’s role was generally portrayed as that of
the mother of citizens
the manager of property
a political participant
a productive worker
a consumer
“Nobody has one exclusive sphere of activity but each can become accomplished in any branch he wishes, society regulates the general production and thus makes it possible for me to do one thing today and another tomorrow, to hunt in the morning, fish in the afternoon, raise cattle in the evening, [and] criticize after dinner.”
Karl Marx, German philosopher, describing his view of life in a communist society, 1846
Marx’s statement in the passage above is best understood in the context of which of the following responses to the development and spread of global capitalism in the nineteenth century?
A movement to gain higher wages and shorter hours for workers
A movement to articulate an alternative vision of society
A movement to convince workers that global capitalism would ultimately benefit them
A movement to celebrate the productive capacity of global capitalism
The policies of the Meiji reformers brought about which of the following in Japan?
An improvement in the economic condition of the peasants
The collapse of the industrial sector of the economy
An increase in isolationism among government leaders
A reduction in military expenditures
The promotion of rapid industrialization
Which of the following distinguishes the Meiji period from earlier periods in Japanese history?
Militarism and feudalism
Isolation and lack of foreign trade
Reform and industrialization
Democratization and manorial privilege
The Meiji reforms in Japan resulted in
the strengthening of the power of regional lords at the expense of the emperor
a shift of power away from regional lords and to the emperor
the Tokugawa shogunate’s adoption of a unified civil code
the overthrow of the imperial system for a democratic republic
The image from Japan during the Meiji Restoration best exemplifies which of the following processes?
Attempts by conservative members of society to maintain indigenous traditions
Cultural changes accompanying greater contact with the United States
Greater freedom for women resulting from democratization
Increased emphasis on international cooperation as a result of the lowering of trade barriers
“Spirits of Moctezuma, Cuauhtémoc and other Aztec heroes, as once you celebrated that feast before being slaughtered by the treacherous sword of the Spanish conquistadors, so now celebrate this happy moment in which your sons have united to avenge the crimes and outrages committed against you, and to free themselves from the claws of [Spanish] tyranny and fanaticism. To the 12th of August 1521—the day that the chains of our serfdom were fastened—there now succeeds the 14th of September 1813—when these chains are broken forever.”
José María Morelos, Mexican Revolutionary, speech, 1813
Judging from the excerpt above, which of the following was the main purpose of Morelos’ speech?
To outline a plan for the long-term development of the new Mexican state
To oppose the claims of Mexican Creoles seeking to play a leading role in the new state
To offer a vision of Mexican history that could be used as a basis for nation building
To suggest that the establishment of the Mexican nation-state was proof of the superiority of the Aztecs
Rebellious ethnic minorities in the Russian, Ottoman, and Austro-Hungarian Empires during the late nineteenth century were motivated primarily by
communism
anarchism
syndicalism
nationalism
nihilism
The North and South American independence movements of the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries shared which of the following?
Revolutionary demands based on Enlightenment political ideas
Reliance on Christian teachings to define revolutionary demands
Industrial economies that permitted both areas to break free of European control
Political instability caused by constant warfare among the new states
Liberty and justice consist of restoring all that belongs to others; thus, the only limits on the exercise of the natural rights of woman are perpetual male tyranny; these limits are to be reformed by the laws of nature and reason.”
Olympe de Gouges, French feminist, Declaration of the Rights of Woman and the Female Citizen, 1791
The passage above is an example of which of the following processes occurring in the eighteenth century?
The emergence of nationalism
The formation of separatist movements
The application of Enlightenment ideas
The growth of empirical science
In the nineteenth century, the Ottoman and Austro-Hungarian empires were two examples of
nationalistic empires
republican empires
colonial empires
multinational empires
nation-states
Which of the following was the primary Ottoman response to the processes depicted in Map 2 ?
Attempts to convert the empire’s non-Muslim population to Islam
Efforts to transform the empire into a parliamentary democracy
Attempts to reconcile Islamic law with Marxist ideals
Efforts to reform the government despite considerable internal opposition
“And God gave unto the Polish kings and knights freedom, that all might be brothers, both the richest and the poorest. The king and the men of knightly rank received into their brotherhood still more people…. And the number of brothers became as great as a nation, and in no nation were there so many people free and calling each other brothers as in Poland.”
Adam Mickiewicz, poem, 1832, about Polish uprisings against Russia in 1830 and 1831
The passage above best reflects which of the following?
Marxist critiques of unequal distribution of wealth
Discontent with government bureaucracy
Development of nationalism
Criticism of religion’s role in public life
Poster from the Seventeenth Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, 1934.
Poster text: “Raise the Flag of Lenin, It Gives Us Victory!”
Banners at bottom read: “Long live the invincible party of Lenin!” “Long live the great guide of the international proletarian revolution, Comrade Stalin!”
The ideology reflected in the poster was most directly the result of which of the following developments in the nineteenth century?
Growing discontent with traditional forms of government led to the development of new political ideas.
Rebellions against imperial rule led to the formation of new independent states.
Demands for an expanded suffrage including women and the working class challenged existing political hierarchies.
Enlightenment philosophers and writers increasingly turned to empiricism and denounced the role of religion in political life.
In the nineteenth century, women’s use of bound feet (China), white face paint (Japan), and corsets (western Europe) are examples of which of the following?
Practices that inhibit female activities
The beauty of middle-class women
Fashions that spread worldwide
The middle class’s setting the fashion for all women
Women’s participation in the workforce
The United States Bill of Rights and the French Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen reflect a shared concern for
physical elimination of the ruling class
confiscation of church property
protection of private property
preservation of the monarchy
establishment of a parliamentary system
Members of which of the following groups led opposition to industrialization in both Qing China and the Ottoman Empire?
Government officials
Landless peasants
Merchants
Clerics
Which of the following best explains the change in energy consumption in the time period from 1000 to 1850 C.E.?
The increasing mechanization of labor as a result of industrialization
The development of command economies during the second industrial revolution
The expansion of coerced labor in the Americas
The global intensification of peasant labor
Most world historians would agree that the key to European predominance in the world economy during the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries was
the Industrial Revolution
European medical technology
Spanish control of New World silver
the Enlightenment
Most world historians would agree that the key to European predominance in the world economy during the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries was
the Industrial Revolution
European medical technology
Spanish control of New World silver
Portuguese naval and firearms technology
the Enlightenment
Which of the following was the main factor leading to the fall of Japan’s Tokugawa shogunate and the rise of the Meiji government?
Pressure from an increasingly powerful China
Large-scale radical peasant rebellion
Economic instability and hyperinflation
Pressure from Western powers
All of the following contributed to the rise of industrialization in western Europe and North America during the nineteenth century EXCEPT
geographic distribution of coal and iron
legal protection of private property
improved agricultural productivity
increased rights for laborers
A key issue that historians have debated in explaining the reasons for nineteenth-century slave emancipations involves
the decline of export industries
the powers of African governments
the role of humanitarianism
racist interpretations of the theory of evolution
the spread of Marxism
Which of the following societies successfully resisted foreign penetration and domination from 1650 to 1850?
The Japanese
The Indians
The South Africans
The Latin Americans
The Chinese
By 1830 revolutions in the Atlantic world resulted in which of the following changes?
The political independence of colonies in both North and South America
The emancipation of slaves everywhere in the Atlantic world
Political and economic domination of the Western Hemisphere by the United States
The creation of a politically unified South America
All of the following resulted from the French and Russian Revolutions EXCEPT
a loss of power for the established church
a socialist economic system
the execution of the monarch and family
the rise of a strong autocratic leader
Which of the following developments in the Western Hemisphere most directly resulted from the French Revolution?
The expansion of the slave trade in the Americas
The extension of the plantation economy in the Caribbean
The colonization of Brazil
The British conquest of Quebec
The creation of the first independent Black republic in the Americas
Which of the following is a significant result of the late-eighteenth- and early-nineteenth-century revolutions in both Europe and the Americas?
The theory of divine right monarchy dominated intellectual discourse in both Europe and the Americas.
People throughout Europe and the Americas rejected the concept of popular sovereignty.
Nation-states emerged as the principal form of political organization in both Europe and the Americas.
Philosophical liberalism as a force in political life declined throughout Europe and the Americas.
Industrialization in Russia during the nineteenth century most closely resembled industrialization in which of the following regions?
The United States during the American Revolution
South America during the wars for independence from Spain
Japan during the Meiji Restoration
China during the Communist Revolution
In contrast to initial industrialization, the second Industrial Revolution in the last half of the nineteenth century was particularly associated with the mass production of which of the following?
Textiles, iron, and coal
Textiles, automobiles, and plastics
Airplanes, ships, and radios
Electricity, steel, and chemicals
The “second Industrial Revolution” in the last half of the nineteenth century was associated with the mass production of which of the following groups of products?
Textiles, iron, and coal
Textiles, automobiles, and plastics
Airplanes, ships, and radios
Electricity, automobiles, and airplanes
Electricity, steel, and chemicals
The North and South American independence movements of the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries shared which of the following?
Limitation of civil rights to a minority of the population
Reliance on Christian teachings to define revolutionary demands
Industrial economies that permitted both areas to break free of European control
The desire of a majority of revolutionary leaders to create a politically united hemisphere
Political instability caused by constant warfare among the new states
One important similarity between the American Revolution and the French Revolution is that they both
challenged monarchical governments
resulted in the abolition of slavery
resulted in the abolition of class divisions in society
enabled women to achieve political equality with men
Which of the following is true of both Russia and Japan by 1914 ?
Both were characterized by a high degree of ethnic homogeneity.
Both had effective democratic institutions that restrained the power of their monarchs.
Both had low rates of literacy.
Marxism had become a strong influence among urban workers in both countries.
Rapid, state-sponsored industrialized had occurred in both countries.
Which of the following was a widespread social consequence of industrialization in the 1800s?
A decline in the social status of women
An increase in the power and prestige of the landowning aristocracy
The general leveling of social hierarchies based on wealth
The creation of a wage-earning working class concentrated in urban areas
“Eight hours’ daily labour is enough for any human being, and under proper arrangements sufficient to afford an ample supply of food, raiment and shelter, or the necessaries and comforts of life, and for the remainder of his time, every person is entitled to education, recreation and sleep.”
Robert Owen, British factory owner and reformer, 1833
The excerpt above emphasizes which of the following solutions to the exploitation of industrial laborers?
Radical changes to the socioeconomic structure of Europe
Abolition of the factory system and industrial wage labor
Free food, housing, and other necessities for factory workers
Sufficient wages for factory workers to live full, comfortable lives
Some historians have argued that the Haitian Revolution (1791—1804) marks the beginning of the process of decolonization that culminated in the dissolution of European colonial empires after the Second World War. Historians who take this position are likely to place the greatest emphasis on the importance of which of the following in the decolonization process?
The role of the desire for natural rights in independence movements
The role of European powers in encouraging revolts in each other’s colonies as part of imperial rivalries
The role of economic liberalization in undermining the rationale for colonial empires
The role of indigenous economic patterns in fostering anticolonial movements
"The proletariat [working class] grows together with the growth of capitalism. But the day when power goes over into the hands of the proletariat depends immediately not on the level of the productive forces, but on a series of subjective factors: tradition, initiative, readiness for struggle. In a country which is economically more backward, the proletariat can come to power sooner than in an advanced capitalist country.”
Leon Trotsky, Russian communist leader, article, 1906
Which of the following best represents the purpose of Trotsky’s statement in the passage above?
To argue that Russia is ripe for a socialist revolution, despite being less industrialized than other European countries
To question the applicability of Marxist class categories outside of western Europe
To demonstrate that historical change is ultimately driven by individuals, rather than by large impersonal processes
To assert that the phase of proletarian dictatorship is a necessary prerequisite to a successful socialist revolution
Which of the following best supports the argument that the last three decades of the nineteenth century were a turning point in world history?
Significant increases in demand for fossil fuels for industrial uses
Transition from use of coal and steam to nuclear power
Worldwide transition from polytheism to monotheism
Significant increases in agricultural productivity due to Green Revolution technology
The United States Declaration of Independence and the French Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen reflect a shared concern for
physical elimination of the ruling class
confiscation of church property
protection of private property
preservation of the monarchy
Which of the following was a major reason for the decline in India’s share of the global manufacture of cotton textiles by the end of the nineteenth century?
Climate change that significantly altered the growing season
Disruption of production from disputes with labor unions
Competition from industrially produced British textiles
Religious opposition to capitalist modes of production
Which of the following best explains why Japan was more successful than China in resisting imperialist encroachments in the nineteenth century?
Japan’s manipulation of the rivalries among western governments
The introduction of democracy by the Meiji Restoration
The willingness of Japan’s elite to sponsor reform
Lack of interest in Japanese markets
Abundant natural resources
“In the past, at the end of the Han, Tang, Yuan, and Ming dynasties, bands of rebels were innumerable, all because of foolish rulers and misgovernment, so that none of these rebellions could be stamped out. But today [the emperor] is deeply concerned and examines his character in order to reform himself, worships Heaven, and is sympathetic to the people. He has not increased the land tax, nor has he conscripted soldiers from households. . . . It does not require any great wisdom to see that sooner or later the [Taiping] bandits will all be destroyed.”
Zeng Guofan, Qing dynasty Chinese official, proclamation against the Taiping rebels, 1854
Zeng Guofan’s analysis of the situation in China in 1854 was likely influenced by which of the following?
The Daoist notion of being in harmony with nature
The absolutist notion of the divine right of kings
The Buddhist notion of avoiding violence against any living thing
The Confucian notion of the dynastic cycle
