in a civilization when people adopt different jobs like artisan or priest that don't involve growing or gathering food

an order of social classes with producers at the bottom and leaders or kings at the top

a type of civilization that developed near or around a major river and considered the earliest known large human civilizations

Jared Diamond's theory that some regions developed more rapidly and were able to expand and conquer much of the world because they natural resources available to them, along with their climate and geography, gave them an early advantage into agriculture before people in other places

the process by which people change plants and animals over time at a genetic level to increase their productivity or other desired traits

action or process that makes something stronger or more extreme; the process of change and growth in Era 2

the civilization that developed around the Tigris and Euphrates rivers around 3500 BCE

the longest river in the world located in the Northeastern Africa

a large river surrounded by fertile land in modern India/Pakistan

a large river in northern China, where Chinese civilization developed

a representation of an event from the past that is put together using evidence from multiple sources

facts or information that can be used to test whether a belief or proposition is true or valid

a person who was able to read and write, allowing for the creation of written records and messages

a person who worked as a farmer, builder, a general worker during Era 2

worshipping or believing in more than one god

a group of people considered to be the best in a particular society or category because of their power, talent, wealth, or other characteristic

characters formed by the arrangement of small wedge-shaped elements and used in ancient Sumerian, Akkadian, Assyrian, Babylonian, and Persian writing.

writing system that uses symbols or pictures to denote objects, concepts, or sounds, originally and especially in the writing system of ancient Egypt.

a person who learned to read and write hieroglyphs and hieratic (a quicker and shorter form of hieroglyphs)

getting more resources from a given land area by creating new technologies and lifeways

an organizing structure where the main unit has the power, right, and ability to control smaller units

a rule of conduct or action that is binding and enforced by a controlling authority

having no fixed home and move from place to place in search of food, water, and grazing land

a way of life where a group of people survives from the secondary products of herds. People follow patterns of grazing to keep their herds alive.

people who depend on domestic livestock, migrate in an established territory to find pasture for their anmials.

large groups of domesticated animals like sheep or goats

the belt of drying and semi-arid land that extends across Afroeurasia from the Sahara Desert in the west to Manchuria in northern China.

a vast grassland

the process of different cultures adopted ideas and technology from other cultures over time

a wheeled carriage powered by horses that was essential for trace and warfare throughout Afroeurasia beginning in about 3000BCE

the art and science of producing metal goods, all the way from mining and extracting metal from mineral ores to the shaping of metal objects

the use of knowledge of tools, crafts, or technical systems to solve problems and/or complete different tasks

a metal alloy (metal mixture) consisting of mostly copper, but also with tin or lead. It is harder and stronger than plain copper

cloth or fabric that is woven, knitted, or otherwise manufactured

a period after the Stone Age characterized by the manufacture and use of bronze tools and weapons made by heating and combining copper and tin

A country, state, or territory ruled by a king or queen or other monarch

a series of rulers in a particular place considered members of the same family

increase in the number of people in a particular place

taking control of a people or place through military force

a gift or payment to one who has power over another to show respect and obedience

a group of people with high rank and privilege, generally gained through birth or connection to a ruler

areas of the world that had lots of movement and interaction among the people who lived there, but that were not connected to other world zones

when people began living permanently in one place instead of moving around to find food

the part of Africa below the Sahara Desert

the connected regions of North and South America

the region of the world centered on the islands of the tropical Pacific Ocean