The two major components of virulence include:

The bacterial toxin that attaches to the presynaptic terminals of cholinergic nerves, where it blocks the release of acetycholine, is produced by:

The bacterial toxin that causes cessation of mammalian protein synthesis by inactivating EF-2 of eukaryotic cells is produced by:

The bacterium that produces a toxin that activates adenylate cyclase, resulting in accumulation of cyclic AMP in the epithelial cells of the mucosal lining, is:

The following statements are true about endotoxins, except:

The following structures normally contain indigenous microbial flora, except:

The region of the body that contains the largest population of microbial flora:

Vancomycin is produced naturally from:

Polymixin is produced from:

The following antibiotics interfere with the synthesis of proteins in microorganisms, except:

Certain bacterial strains are resistant to the bactericidal activity of the Penicillins and the Cephalosporins, although the growth of the organism is inhibited. This phenomenon (tolerance) is related to a defect or a deficiency of:

Nystatin is produced naturally from:

This antibiotic has been found to be toxic, so its use has been limited only for the treatment of TB:

Aplastic anemia is a rare but usually fatal side effect associated with the use of this antibiotic:

It refers to the killing of many, but not all microorganisms:

It is the most effective skin antiseptic used in medical practice:

This chemical agent is used extensively in hospitals for the sterilization of heat sensitive materials. It kills by alkylating both proteins and nucleic acids:

It is the method of choice in sterilizing heat sensitive solutions:

This disinfectant is useful in preventing gonococcal ophthalmia neonatorum among infants whose patients have Gonorrhea:

The following are milk-borne pathogens, except:

Which is the best method to sterilize Penicillin solution?

The DTP vaccine is composed of which of the following:

The capsule of Bacillus anthracis is composed of:

Bacillus anthracis possesses all of the following characteristic, except:

Listeria monocytogenes has all of the following characteristics, except:

The most important anti-phagocytic structure of the Group A streptococci:

The single differentiation test between Staphylococcus epidermidis and Staphylococcus aureus:

An example of a streptococcal disease sequela:

The group A streptococci serotype most commonly associated with acute glomerulonephritis:

The Streptococcus most commonly associated with subacute bacterial endocarditis:

Which of the following does not influence the virulence of Neisseria gonorrhea?

Neisseria are all:

In the laboratory, Neisseria meningitidis may be distinguished from Neisseria gonorrhea by:

The most important mechanism of transmission of Pasteurella multicoda from animals to humans:

Which of the following statements is true about whooping cough?

Tularemia may occur in:

The intestinal tract is the only natural habitat of this lactose fermenting, facultative anaerobic, nosocomial pathogen:

A gram negative, non-motile rod that produces a large mucoid colony on agar medium was isolated from a chronically ill patient who died of pneumonia. This organism probably belongs to the genus:

A gram-negative rod was isolated from the urine of a patient suspected of having a UTI. The organism is lactose negative, urease positive and motile. It most likely belongs to the genus:

Leprosy may manifest itself as:

Secondary syphilis is characterized by all of the following, except:

The diagnosis of early syphilis is best made by:

The smallest known free-living microorganism is:

The growing stage of a protozoan parasite is:

A class in which only parasitic forms occur:

In which of the following the eggs of parasitic worms can be found:

Which of the following techniques is used in quantitative estimations of infections with parasitic worms?

Blastocyctis hominis is a:

The findings of ingested red blood cells in a trophozoite practically identifies:

Actively motile trophozoite with directional motility and contains ingested red blood cells:

Trophozoite with nucleus seen without difficulty in fresh, unstained preparation:

Cysts of this organism contains 1-4 nuclei:

The chromatoid bodies of this organism appear as cigar-shaped or sausage-shaped:

Cysts of this organism are usually without glycogen vacuoles (Iodine cysts):

In clinical cases of malaria, the most favorable time to find parasites in the blood is:

Definitive host of human malarial parasites:

The sexual cycle is the:

Eosinophilic stippling of erythrocytes (Schauffer.s dots) is often seen in infections with:

As a rule, only rings and crescent-shaped gametocytes are observed in peripheral blood, which includes:

The malarial parasite that enlarges red blood cells:

Man may acquire Toxoplasma from:

Toxoplasmosis can be diagnosed by:

Toxoplasma is probably transmitted to man by:

The posterior part of this parasite has a twisted appearance:

An axostyle is present in this organism:

Trophozoite that resembles “old man’s eyeglasses”:

This organism has lemon-shaped cysts:

This causes visceral leishmaniasis:

The reservoir host of Balantidium coli infection:

A viviparous organism:

Which of the following neither lay eggs nor deposits larvae in the intestinal canal?

“Old world” hookworm:

This organism causes tropical elephantiasis:

The presence of mammillated eggs or the large adult worm in the stool identifies this organism:

The adult form of this organism has a whip-like anterior portion:

The eggs of this organism are most likely to be found through anal swabs or cellophane tape:

Visceral larva migrans is acquired by ingesting eggs of a nematode parasite of:

Filariform larva that can penetrate through the skin:

Finding the rhabditiform larva in the stool identifies this organism:

Eggs in the 2-8 cell stage of development often appear in the stool in infections with

The dog tapeworm that can be accidentally transmitted to humans:

The fish tapeworm that can be acquired by eating insufficiently cooked, infected fish:

The adult form of this tapeworm has only four segments:

The eggs of this worm are operculated:

Man is often infected by peeling water chestnuts with his teeth, which contain this organism:

This causes Egyptian hematuria:

The eggs of this organism has a rudimentary lateral spine:

This organism is acquired by eating infected raw fish:

This is also known as the Oriental ling fluke:

The presence of cryoglobulins in the serum of a patient may indicate that the patient has:

The Coomb’s test is the most important laboratory method in the diagnosis of:

The most important antibody that plays a role in the pathogenesis of systemic lupus erythematosus is:

In the syndrome of post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis:

In group A beta hemolytic streptococci, the types are determined by the antigenic specificity of:

Congenital rubella can be diagnosed in a week-old infant by:

Caesarian section has been found to eliminate neonatal complications due to which of the following viruses?

Dermatophytes that infect special keratinized areas of the body, skin and nails only are likely to belong to genus:

A hapten is a substance that:

Which of the following is a characteristic of the “positive strand” RNA virus?