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WorksheetsFTCE Biology 240 pt.3
Total questions: 110
Worksheet time: 55mins
Which of the following describes an inactivated vaccine?
The vaccine contains the full virus after submersion in a chemical solution that stops all biological processes.
The vaccine contains a molecule with the same chemical signature as a pathogenic toxin.
The vaccine contains the outer protein coat of a virus, but no viral DNA.
The vaccine contains a weakened pathogen that causes mild flu symptoms after injections.
The hypothalamus produces antidiuretic hormone (ADH). ADH is stored and released from the pituitary gland. The hormone travels through the bloodstream to the kidneys where it slows the rate of water removal. This feedback process began because of a decrease in the level of:
ADH in the hypothalamus.
ADH in the pituitary gland.
water in the plasma of the blood.
water in the nephrons of the kidneys.
Which of the following scenarios provides an example of a positive feedback loop?
The body is hot so it will begin to sweat to cool off.
The body is cold so it will begin to shiver to warm up.
The body is dehydrated so it sends a message to the brain that it is thirsty and needs to drink water.
The uterus contracts more and more during childbirth.
Which of the following best describes the human digestive system?
A continuous tube of organs, that each perform different functions.
A system of organs that provides for food storage in the body.
A group of similar organs connected by a network of blood vessels.
A group of similar organs that functions independently.
Matt makes a New Year's Resolution to eat a healthier diet. He decides to do this by cutting all fat from his diet. What is wrong with Matt's plan?
Fat is where most chemical reactions occur in the body, and cutting fat from his diet will inhibit chemical reactions in Matt's body.
Cutting fat from his diet will cause Matt to lose too much weight.
Cutting fat from his diet will cause Matt to feel hungrier throughout the day, causing his diet to fail.
Cutting fat from his diet will prevent the absorption of some vitamins and minerals.
Which of the following organs does not play a role in the excretory system?
kidneys
lungs
pancreas
skin
Which of the following choices explains how a fish thermoregulates by supercooling?
The fish increases solute concentrations in the blood, depressing the freezing point.
The fish has a large volume to surface area ratio, reducing heat dissipation.
The fish migrates to warmer waters, reducing temperature stress.
The fish has a countercurrent exchange circulatory system, keeping key organs warm.
Which of the following digestive system organs is responsible for the absorption of water and the storage and release of feces?
large intestine
small intestine
liver
stomach
Which of the following systems in the human body would you use to throw a baseball?
circulatory
excretory
endocrine
muscular
Which of the following types of vaccine provide the strongest level of immunity against pathogens?
recombinant vaccines
inactivated vaccines
conjugate vaccines
live-attenuated vaccines
Long-term sun exposure is most commonly associated with which of the following?
cervical cancer
skin tags
hepatitis
basal cell carcinoma
How does the skeletal system aid in movement of the body?
The skeleton provides an anchor for the muscles to attach to.
The muscles move the skeleton, and the skeleton provides support and holds the body upright.
The skeleton gives shape to the body and helps keep the muscles in the correct position for them to do work.
All of the above are true.
Which of the following systems work together to provide structure and movement for the body?
cardiovascular and respiratory
skeletal and muscular
integumentary and muscular
skeletal and immune
Which of the following is the smallest type of blood vessel?
arteries
arterioles
veins
capillaries
A high school student is performing a biceps curl with a five-pound weight. Before the muscle can shorten and move the five-pound load, it must first develop more tension than the five pounds. Once muscle tension barely surpasses the load, the muscle can contract and be used to shorten the muscle without changing the force and moving the load. This is an example of:
eccentric contraction.
isotonic contraction.
isometric contraction.
concentric contraction.
Which of the following systems in humans is the primary barrier for foreign particles?
digestive
integumentary
reproductive
respiratory
Of the meals listed below, which follows the US FDA's current dietary guidelines most closely?
half a cup of spaghetti with meat sauce and parmesan cheese, half a cup of brussel sprouts, and a piece of bread
half a grilled chicken breast, two-thirds of a cup of green peas, half a cup of blueberries, and three-quarters of a cup of rice with a glass of milk
a fried beef patty with cream gravy, sweet potato fries, half a cup of green beans, a banana, and a glass of water
a scrambled egg, a piece of toast, a slice of bacon, two pancakes, and a glass of orange juice
Which of the following scenarios provides an example of a negative feedback loop?
Jessica skipped lunch, so her metabolism slows to conserve energy.
Ezequiel eats a candy bar, which raises his blood sugar. His liver and muscles store the extra glucose for later.
Ravi is very worried about passing his science test. His heart rate slows down to accommodate his increased blood pressure.
All of these responses are negative feedback loops.
Which of the following choices correctly lists the path of blood during pulmonary circulation?
aorta > left ventricle > left atrium > pulmonary vein > lungs > pulmonary artery > right ventricle > right atrium
aorta > left ventricle > left atrium > pulmonary artery > lungs > pulmonary vein > right ventricle > right atrium
right atrium > right ventricle > pulmonary artery > lungs > pulmonary vein > left atrium > left ventricle > aorta
right ventricle > right atrium > pulmonary artery > lungs > pulmonary vein > left ventricle > left atrium > aorta
How do the nervous system and endocrine system work together to maintain homeostasis?
The nervous system and endocrine system do not work together to maintain homeostasis.
The nervous system provides stabilizing responses in a negative feedback loop, and the endocrine system provides accelerating responses in a positive feedback loop.
The nervous system receives and interprets information, and the endocrine system provides the necessary chemicals for the body's response to the information.
The endocrine system receives and interprets information, and the nervous system provides the necessary chemicals for the body's response to the information.
Which of the following body systems protects the body from abrasion and water loss?
integumentary system
cardiovascular system
digestive system
excretory system
Which of the following adaptations helps ectothermic animals maintain homeostasis in a cold environment?
The body has a large surface-area-to-volume ratio
Thick fur provides insulation.
Muscles are close to the body surface.
Arteries and veins are close and antiparallel.
Which of the following systems in the human body breaks down food into a simpler form of energy?
endocrine
digestive
circulatory
excretory
Orca whales have blood vessels in their fins that shift arterial and venous blood closer together in cold water and farther apart in warm water. Which of the following describes this adaptation?
thermogenesis for thermoregulation
countercurrent exchange for thermoregulation
thermogenesis for blood sugar regulation
countercurrent exchange for osmoregulation
If a cell is in a state of homeostasis, then:
all cell processes are in chemical equilibrium with the environment.
temperature is equal between the cell and the environment.
all cell processes are balanced with the environment.
salt concentrations are equal between the cell and the environment.
Which of the following body systems is responsible for getting rid of toxins, waste, and other unwanted materials in the body?
respiratory system
circulatory system
lymphatic system
digestive system
To which of the following human body systems do memory cells belong?
immune system
integumentary system
nervous system
reproductive system
Which of the following body systems is not necessary for survival of the individual organism?
digestive system
nervous system
excretory system
reproductive system
Which of the following organs is responsible for gas exchange in the body?
bladder
lungs
liver
heart
Which of the following correctly matches the type of vaccine with a common example?
A live-attenuated vaccine protects against rabies.
A toxoid vaccine protects against tetanus.
A subunit vaccine protects against botulism.
An inactivated vaccine protects against measles.
Which of the following correctly describes a zygote?
A female reproductive cell that has the haploid number of chromosomes.
An unborn offspring that is beginning to have specialized cells, still in the womb, that is more than eight weeks old.
A zygote results from a sperm cell fertilizing an egg cell.
An unborn, developing offspring still in the womb, that is less than eight weeks old.
Which of the following systems of the body influences the function of the body using hormones?
immune system
circulatory system
nervous system
endocrine system
Why do patients with diabetes need to monitor their blood sugar levels?
Insulin dysfunction causes unstable blood sugar levels.
The pancreas doesn't take up enough sugar from the blood.
The pancreas doesn't release enough sugar into the blood.
Insulin dysfunction causes constant high blood sugar levels.
Which of the following best describes the primary function of the human skeleton system?
regulating body temperature
supporting the structure of the body
regulating organ function
providing nutrients to the body
Which of the following body systems plays an important role in one's immune system and removing toxins, waste, and unwanted materials from the body?
lymphatic system
nervous system
respiratory system
integumentary system
Which of the following body systems is responsible for taking in oxygen and expelling carbon dioxide?
digestive system
respiratory system
circulatory system
lymphatic system
Which of the following organs is used in the excretory system to filter liquid wastes out of the blood?
small intestine
kidney
bladder
lungs
Which of the following systems in humans is mainly responsible for removing carbon dioxide from the body and taking in oxygen?
respiratory
integumentary
digestive
reproductive
Which of the following systems in the human body functions as the system responsible for transporting food and water waste?
digestive system
immune system
endocrine system
circulatory system
Which organ is responsible for filtering out old blood cells and storing white blood cells?
spleen
stomach
liver
gallbladder
Which of the following lists the stages of development of human offspring in order?
fetus > embryo > zygote
embryo > fetus > zygote
zygote > embryo > fetus
zygote > fetus > embryo
Which of the following is an accurate distinction between the small intestine and large intestine?
The small intestine absorbs nutrients, and the large intestine absorbs water and expels waste.
The small intestine is also known as the colon, and the large intestine is separated into the ileum, jejunum, and duodenum.
Both the small and the large intestine have the same function, but food passes through the small intestine first.
The small intestine is shorter than the long intestine.
Which system controls most of the functions of the body?
muscle system
digestive system
circulatory system
nervous system
Which of the following choices is the best definition of a vaccine?
A preventative measure that trains the immune system to immediately recognize and destroy certain pathogens.
A preventative inoculation of antibodies that protect against certain pathogens.
A proactive cure for common diseases that adds new cells to the immune system.
A precautionary inoculation against certain pathogens that always confers lifetime immunity.
What role does the endocrine system play in the control of the human body?
The endocrine system provides a protective barrier to keep foreign agents out of the body.
The endocrine system controls the production of hormones and chemicals necessary for body responses.
The endocrine system controls immune responses in the body.
The endocrine system is responsible for gas exchange with the blood.
What are the functions of the integumentary system?
produces hormones and controls chemical reactions in the body
protects body, regulates temperature, and eliminates wastes
protects organs, provides structure and support, allows movement, and stores minerals
processes information and activates body responses
In the Amazon rainforest, a species of primates has individuals with longer arms and shorter legs that are better climbers, and individuals with shorter arms and longer legs that are faster runners. What kind of selection pattern is the most likely cause of these phenotypes?
disruptive selection
artificial selection
directional selection
stabilizing selection
Disruptive selection favors the extremes of a physical trait over the mean.
True
False
The statement below describes which evolutionary idea?
Organisms with traits that are most suited to their environment survive the longest and produce the most offspring.
inheritance of acquired traits
artificial selection
natural selection
behavioral isolation
Monarch butterflies migrate annually from the Northern United States and Canada to Sierra Chincua, Mexico, traveling about 3000 miles. About 500,000 years ago, a hundred individuals were isolated from the main group of monarch butterflies and started a non-migratory colony in the mountains of West Texas. Researchers have discovered that the migratory butterflies and the subpopulation of non-migratory butterflies do not interbreed. Which of the following best describes this situation?
bottle-neck effect
hybrid sterility
founder effect
natural selection
A species of sea snail can grow between 0.2 and 2 cm long. However, most observed individuals are 0.8 - 1.2 cm long. Which hypothesis best describes this situation?
Directional selection because individuals that are between 0.8 - 1.2 cm long are preferred by predators.
Stabilizing selection because individuals smaller than 1.2 cm have greater reproductive success.
Directional selection because individuals that are between 0.8 and 1.2 cm long have the most offspring.
Stabilizing selection because individuals smaller than 0.8 cm and larger than 1.2 cm are not fast enough to escape predation.
Which of the following is a similarity between prezygotic and postzygotic reproductive isolation?
Both mechanisms prevent fertilization.
Both mechanisms reduce interspecies breeding.
Both mechanisms affect the survivability of a zygote.
Both mechanisms include gametic isolation.
Which of the following is not a selective force in evolution?
genetic recombination
non-random mating
competition
predation
Two populations of bearded dragons live on different sides of a fault line. Which of the following might happen if an earthquake widens the fault making it impossible for the populations to interbreed?
allopatric speciation
sympatric speciation
character displacement
parapatric speciation
Since the two populations are separated because of a geographic barrier, this is an example of...
allopatric speciation.
sympatric speciation
two populations live in the same habitat, but are separated by a reproductive barrier (temporal isolation), this is an example of ....
allopatric speciation
sympatric speciation
when two populations of the same species become isolated from each other due to geographic changes.
allopatric speciation
sympatric speciation
A population of lizards, some with green coloring and some with brown coloring, is introduced into a field that is mostly dirt. A few generations later, the majority of the lizards have brown coloring. Which of the following best explains this change?
Green colored lizards have more offspring.
Green colored lizards dehydrate and die faster.
Brown colored lizards can run faster.
Brown colored lizards are better able to hide from their predators.
Which of the following environmental pressures would not be a primary contributor to the process of natural selection?
predator and prey relationships
competition for resources
climate change
abundance of food
Which of the following scenarios is an example of sympatric isolation?
A dam is built that prevents fish from upriver from mating with fish from downriver. Eventually, the two populations of fish are no longer able to interbreed.
The finches on the Galapagos Islands have developed different beak shapes based on the seeds found on the islands.
One population of apple maggot flies only mate on the leaves of apple trees, and another population only mates on the leaves of hawthorn trees. Over time, the two populations are unable to interbreed.
Kaibab and Albert squirrels have become permanently separated by the Grand Canyon. They passed down different traits and over time, became two different species.
Which of the following best describes stabilizing selection?
Within a species of squirrels, a few break off to create a new group, resulting in an allele frequency shift.
Selection pressure favored giraffes with longer necks that could reach more food, eventually eliminating the phenotype for short necks in giraffes.
The size of seeds on the Galapagos Island led to the selection of both small and large beaks in finches.
The birth weight of human babies stays within a certain range because the probability of mortality for mother and child increases with birth weights that are too low or high.
Which of the following situations describes prezygotic reproductive isolation?
Select all answers that apply.
Female mallards have a convoluted reproductive tract that makes it improbable that sperm from another species will find the egg.
A hybrid of a tiger and a lion is born healthy, but with an undeveloped reproductive system.
The hybrid embryo of an ostrich and an emu fails to hatch from the egg.
The egg cell of a lynx is not permeable to sperm from a domestic cat.
Many rodents living in the Sahara Desert have sand-colored hair. Which of the following best explains this phenomenon?
The sand caused a mutation to occur.
Natural selection favors this color.
The sun's rays darkened their hair color.
Sand-colored hair is easier for predators to see.
Which of the following could result in speciation by the bottle-neck effect?
A population of meerkats is reduced by 90% from severe flooding.
A subpopulation of zebras breaks off from the main population.
A population of butterflies faces predation at night by bats.
A subpopulation of fish, which all have blue scales, migrate to a new habitat from the original population.
Most mammals in Asia are placental, yet most mammals in Australia are marsupials. Which of the following best explains the differences in the populations?
The available energy resources contributed to the evolutionary changes in Australian mammals.
The limitations of abiotic and biotic factors in the environment caused the evolution of the different species.
The organisms are not related and have no similar characteristics or genetics.
Geographic isolation led to the coevolution of different mammal clades in Asia versus Australia.
Which of the following statements most correctly uses the term natural selection?
Natural selection means that the fittest organism survives.
Natural selection means that evolution happens between two successive generations.
Natural selection means that only healthy organisms can reproduce.
Natural selection means that the fittest organisms have the greatest reproductive success.
Two populations of moths share the same forest habitat, but interbreeding is rare. One population is most active during the day and one population is most active at night. This kind of ecological separation is called:
competition
allopatric speciation
sympatric speciation
parapatric speciation
What is the term Charles Darwin coined for the mechanism powering evolution?
underproduction of offspring
mutations
natural selection
overproduction of offspring
Two species of pigs live in a small forest, where they drink from the same stream and compete for some of the same resources. The two species cohabitate in the forest, each filling their own niche, but do not interbreed. Which of the following best describes why the two species do not interbreed?
competitive exclusion
isolation mechanisms
character displacement
symbiosis
Which of the following is a postzygotic mechanism of reproductive isolation?
hybrid sterility
habitat isolation
gametic isolation
behavioral isolation
Two closely related species of birds have very different courting rituals and mate in different seasons. Which two prezygotic isolation barriers describe this situation?
behavioral and temporal
temporal and habitat
hybrid non-viability and hybrid sterility
behavioral and gametic
There are two small populations of finches on one of the Galapagos Islands, each feeding on a different size seed. A drought takes place that leaves only production of the larger of the two seed types. Researchers then observe natural selection towards birds with larger beaks and bodies. However, once the rain returned and the production of smaller seeds became more prolific, there was selection towards birds with smaller beaks and bodies. What would be the best interpretation of this observed scenario?
bottleneck effect
genetic drift
directional selection
macroevolution
A volcanic eruption that kills 75% of an animal population can create a mechanism of speciation known as:
coevolution.
the bottleneck effect.
allopatric isolation.
the founder effect.
A gardener purchases purple ground cover plants to combat weeds in the flower beds at the front of the house. After five years, the plants' seeds have spread and the purple ground cover plants are present and thriving in the flower beds surrounding the trees and shrubs in the front yard. What phenomenon does this scenario best describe?
bottleneck effect
adaptive radiation
founder effect
none of the above
Which of the following processes is not a method of macroevolution?
genetic equilibrium
migration
genetic drift
mutation
Which of the following best describes stabilizing selection?
Selection pressure favored giraffes with longer necks that could reach more food, eventually eliminating the phenotype for short necks in giraffes.
Within a species of squirrels, a few break off to create a new group, resulting in an allele frequency shift.
The birth weight of human babies stays within a certain range because the probability of mortality for mother and child increases with birth weights that are too low or high.
The size of seeds on the Galapagos Island led to the selection of both small and large beaks in finches.
Which of the following could result in speciation by the bottle-neck effect?
A subpopulation of fish, which all have blue scales, migrate to a new habitat from the original population.
A subpopulation of zebras breaks off from the main population.
A population of butterflies faces predation at night by bats.
A population of meerkats is reduced by 90% from severe flooding.
Many rodents living in the Sahara Desert have sand-colored hair. Which of the following best explains this phenomenon?
Sand-colored hair is easier for predators to see.
Natural selection favors this color.
The sun's rays darkened their hair color.
The sand caused a mutation to occur.
Which of the following would be most useful on a dichotomous key for identifying flying insects in a rural area?
breeding rates
wing coloring
chromosome number
founder effect
Which of the following choices is not a strength of phenograms?
based on observations
shows how phenotypes change over time
doesn't require sequencing technology
tells how closely related two organisms are
1.Can fly…..go to 2
Cannot fly….go to 4
2. Hunts prey…..go to 3.
Forages for food….go to 5.
3.Wingspan greater than 1 m….Haliaeetus leucocephalus
Wingspan shorter than 10 cm…. Microhierax fringillarius
4.Lives on land… got to 6
Lives in water… Aptenodytes forsteri
5.Carnivorous….Aegypius MonachusHerbivorous…...Branta canadensis
6.Has a feathered head…..Pavo cristatus
Has a naked head…..Struthio camelus
Branta canadensis
Microhierax fringillarius
Struthio camelus
Haliaeetus leucocephalus
1.Body has two eyes on one side….go to step 2
Symmetrical body organization….go to 3
2.Lives in the sediment…….Hippoglossus stenolepis
Lives above the sediment….. Manta birostris
3.Has an orange body….Amphiprion percula
Has a blue body…. go to 4
4.Has spines……..Paracanthurus hepatus
Has spots…...Microspathodon chrysurus
Microspathodon chrysurus
Paracanthurus hepatus
Hippoglossus stenolepis
Amphiprion percula
Jasmine is out hiking and comes across a berry she does not recognize. She wants to know if it is safe to eat, so she pulls out her field guide and begins to identify the berry. Which taxonomic tool is she most likely using to do this?
phylogenetic tree
pedigree
dichotomous key
cladogram
Which of the following is a weakness of cladograms?
use of molecular data
grouping is not based on genetic similarity
branches diverge at nodes
bias in grouping taxons based on common ancestors
Which of the following choices is a taxonomic classification according to anatomical relationships?
homology
cladogram
phenogram
morphology
Given the cladogram, which of the following pairs of organisms likely shares the most recent common ancestor?
organisms 5 and 7
organisms 3 and 6
organisms 1 and 3
organisms 1 and 5
Using the table below, identify the provided organism.
1a. The flower has purple petals……...go to 2
1b. The flower has white petals………….go to 3
2a. The center is hidden……………….chrysanthemum
2b. The center is blue or orange…………….go to 5
3a. The center is white……...gerbera daisy
3b. The center is yellow…….go to 4
4a. The center is a circle……………..oxeye daisy
4b. The center has long stamen……..lily
5a. The petals are all similar………..African daisy
5b. The petals increase in size……..lotus flower
chrysanthemum
lotus flower
oxeye daisy
gerbera daisy
Which of the following was a direct consequence of the development of bronze alloys in the Near East?
Large-scale empires first began to emerge.
Democratic government took hold.
Women gained equal rights.
Tools were first used in agriculture.
Which of the following is an example of analogous structures?
a frog arm and a penguin wing
a human pelvis and a whale's hip bones
a dog leg and a bird wing
a beetle wing and a bat wing
Which of the following is the most likely cause of the first mass extinction event on Earth, which occurred during the Precambrian era?
breakup of Pangaea
rise in sea level
meteorite impact
oxygenation of the atmosphere
The leg of a dog and the flipper of a whale are best described as examples of which of the following?
Identifying structures
Vestigial structures
Analogous structures
Homologous structures
Wisdom teeth, goosebumps, and the coccyx in humans are all considered:
analogous.
vestigial.
homologous.
microevolutionary.
Which of the following arose during the Bronze Age?
human tools
language
agriculture
cities
Of the groups listed, which of the following groups of organisms appeared most recently in the fossil record?
ferns
chordates
reptiles
flowering plants
Which of the following choices provides an example of homologous structures?
a bat's wings and a butterfly's wings
a human's eye and an octopus' eye
a turtle's eggs and a frog's eggs
the bones in a cat's leg and whale's flipper
Scientists have determined that the giant panda is more closely related to polar bears than the red panda. Which of the following most likely provided the best evidence to confirm the ancestral connection?
chromosome banding patterns
genetic sequencing
fossil samples and anatomical similarities
behavioral observations
Which period of evolutionary history was marked by an increase in atmospheric oxygen and a subsequent rapid evolution of multicellular life?
Cenozoic period
Jurassic period
Cambrian explosion
Hadean period
Which of the following is not an example of a pair of homologous structures?
whale ankle bone and deer ankle bone
horse leg and human arm
bird wing and butterfly wing
blue jay wing and robin wing
Which of the following is not appropriate evidence for the endosymbiotic theory?
Both chloroplasts and mitochondria have their own DNA
Both chloroplasts and mitochondria have an outer lipid bilayer.
Both chloroplasts and mitochondria are in the same size range as many prokaryotes.
Both chloroplasts and mitochondria are organelles.
Which of the following resulted from the deglaciation that occurred at the beginning of the modern Holocene epoch roughly 12,000 year ago?
Humans settled urban areas that became cities.
Humans developed the use of gunpowder and firearms.
Human migration accelerated into newly opened territories.
Humans developed written alphabets.
The use of tools by ancestors of modern humans between two and three million years ago was made possible by which of the following?
settlement in cities
use of language
migration to more favorable regions
larger-capacity brains
Which of the following took place about 540 million years ago?
first ice age
first tetrapods
first explosive increase in biodiversity
free oxygen in the atmosphere
a population’s genetic variance shifts toward a new phenotype when exposed to environmental changes.
Stabilizing Selection
disruptive selection
directional selection
macroevolution
a mode of natural selection in which extreme values for a trait are favored over intermediate values
Stabilizing Selection
disruptive selection
directional selection
macroevolution
a type of natural selection in which genetic diversity decreases as the population stabilizes on a particular trait value
Stabilizing Selection
disruptive selection
directional selection
macroevolution
is a reaction that causes a decrease in function. It occurs in response to some kind of stimulus. Often, it causes the output of a system to be lessened; so, the feedback tends to stabilize the system. This can be referred to as homeostasis
Negative Feedback Loop
Positive Feedback Loop
is a process that occurs in a feedback loop which exacerbates the effects of a small disturbance.
include: Childbirth – stretching of uterine walls cause contractions that further stretch the walls (this continues until birthing occurs) Lactation – the child feeding stimulates milk production which causes further feeding (continues until baby stops feeding)
Negative Feedback Loop
Positive Feedback Loop
Parts that seem to have no use other than being passed down from a previous ancestor.
analogous.
vestigial.
homologous.
microevolutionary.
Parts of the body between organisms that seem similar but have comopletely different functions.
analogous.
vestigial.
homologous.
microevolutionary.
Parts of the body between organisms that are physcially different but have similar or the same functions.
analogous.
vestigial.
homologous.
microevolutionary.
