A 66-year-old man complaints of dyspnea, cough and expectoration. There is the history of smoking cigarette for 25 years. FEV1/FVC is less than 50%. Chest X ray revealed hyperlucent lung.

Which of the following is the most common and clinically significant pattern of emphysema?

A 67-year-old old women suffers a sudden death due to saddle pulmonary embolism. She was hospitalised for last three months following a complicated knee-replacement surgery.

Which of the following is the likely source of emboli causing pulmonary embolism in her?

A 52-year-old farmer presents with shortness of breath and dry cough for the past two months. His physical examination is unremarkable. Pulmonary function test reveals reduced total lung capacity and increased FEV1/FVC ratio. His lung biopsy shows interstitial fibrosis and presence of non-caseating granuloma.

Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis in this patient?

A child suffering from asthma is to be treated with a drug that blocks the synthesis of leukotrienes.

What drug would be an appropriate choice?

Bromhexine acts by:

The most prominent and dose related side effect of salbutamol is:

A 63-year-old woman presents to the clinic with dyspnea and cough. The patient tested positive for HIV and was found to have a low CD⁴⁺ cell count of 47/mm³. Laboratory findings revealed cysts of Pneumocystis jiroveci in bronchoalveolar lavage smear. Diagnosis of Pneumocystis jiroveci pneumonia is made.

Which of the following stain is best to detect the cysts of causative organism causing Pneumocystis jiroveci pneumonia in this patient?

Covid-19 pandemic has already killed two million human beings. At present, several vaccines are used in the prevention of COVID-19.

Which of the following is a mRNA vaccine used in the prevention of this disease?

A 23-year-old male presents to outpatient clinic with productive cough, dyspnea and brownish purulent sputum. X-ray shows nodular or ring shadows & cavities in lung. Sputum examination revealed egg of a parasite.

Which of the following is the most likely parasite causing this condition?

Which of the following most likely causative agent of atypical pneumonia is lacking cell wall?

Which of the following mechanism of action is of diphtheria toxin?

A 40-year-old man presented to an Out-patient Clinic with low grade fever, productive cough, loss of appetite, and significant loss of weight for one month.

Based on laboratory investigations a diagnosis of pulmonary tuberculosis is made.

Which of the following is the most appropriate microbiological test to confirm the identification of the causative agent?

A 43-year-old alcoholic truck driver is diagnosed with pulmonary tuberculosis and is prescribed isoniazid, rifampicin, pyrazinamide and ethambutol.

Which of the following is the most likely side effect of the above treatment in this patient?

A 55-year-old diabetic woman is admitted to the hospital with complications due to uncontrolled blood glucose. Recently she is diagnosed with pneumonia due to Pseudomonas aeruginosa.

Which of the following antimicrobials is most appropriate to treat in this patient?

A 66-year- old male chronic smoker presents with shortness of breath, cough and expectoration. On examination his chest is barrel-shaped, dyspnoeic, with prolonged expiration. Chest X ray reveals reduction in vascular markings with hyperlucent lungs. He is diagnosed with emphysema.

Which of the following is the most significant pathological changes in this patient?

A 57-year-old man presents with cough and hemoptysis over the past month. A chest radiograph shows an ill-defined, 4-cm mass involving the left hilum of the lung. CT-guided needle biopsy reveals a neoplastic lesion composed of tumor cells with scant cytoplasm, nuclear molding, finely granular chromatin with a salt and pepper appearance and Azzopardi phenomenon.

Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis?

A 65-year-old male presents with progressive dyspnoea for the past 6 months. He works in sand-blasting industry for the past 25 years. His chest X ray shows diffuse interstitial fibrosis predominantly affecting upper lobes of both lungs. Lung biopsy reveals hard collagenous nodules containing birefringent particles in the center.

Which of the following agents is most likely causing interstitial lung disease in this patient?

A 28-year-old man presented with episodic shortness of breath, coughing or wheezing. He was a known case of bronchial asthma for 8 years.

Which of the following is the most characteristic pathological changes in this patient?

A 59-year-old smoker, with 60 pack-years of smoking history, presents with cough and haemoptysis over the past three months. A chest radiograph shows an ill-defined, 5.3-cm mass involving the left hilum of the lung. CT-guided needle biopsy reveals a neoplastic lesion composed of tumour cells showing keratinization, keratin pearls and intercellular bridges. Lab-studies reveal hypercalcemia in this patient.

Which of the following is the most likely cause of hypercalcemia in this patient?