from sun and rain

from cracks in the walls

from indirect with the soil

from direct contact with the soil

ancient materials

natural materials

artificial materials

by combining coarse and fine aggregates

by combining coarse and fine aggregates, cement and water

by combining cement and water

a turner

a plumber

a carpenter

a builder

True

False

all buildings with exterior walls of wooden framework sheathed with wood shingles or siding veneered with brick

all buildings constructed of incombustible material throughout, with floors of iron, steel, or reinforced concrete beams, filled in between with terracotta

all buildings with exterior walls of masonry but with wood floor construction and partitions

stadium

sand

forest

site

square

cities

mountains

caves

moon

towns

Utility and communication are equally important in

the art and technique of building employed to fulfill the practical and expressive requirements of civilized people.

only a defense against the natural environment but also the benefits of a human environment

a constant, while the first and the third vary in relative importance according to the social function of buildings

non-durable

durable

durable and fire resisting

fire resisting

unstable

foundation

floor

its above-ground part

its below-ground part

walls

Таким образом, нам нужен баланс между использованием земли для удовлетворения потребностей в жилье, а также предоставлением места для сельского хозяйства, магазинов, промышленности или открытого пространства для отдыха.

Таким образом, нам нужен баланс между использованием земли для удовлетворения потребностей в жилье и еще оставить место для сельского хозяйства, магазинов, промышленности или открытых пространств для отдыха.

Итак, нам необходим баланс между использованием земли для удовлетворения потребностей в жилье и еще оставить место для сельского хозяйства, магазинов, отраслей промышленности или открытого пространства для отдыха.

gravel

crushed stone

sand

lime

stone

pad foundation

strip foundation

pile foundation

raft foundation

water, electricity and ventilation systems

the people, the furnishings and equipment

tubes

equipment

heating system

warm

decoration

transmitting floor /roof loads to a foundation

dividing the space of the constructions

protective

must control the effects of the natural environment

to protect and enhance the environment and life

shade and reduce or intensify wind.

electricity

the ceilings, the frame, the floor, roofs and the walls

attic

ventilation

heating system

ancient material

artificial material

natural material

expensive

to keep the walls and windows

for ornamental purposes

for protecting the interior of the building

to keep the walls

to keep the windows

dust mask

earplugs

hard hat

bricks

floors

tiles

bamboo

easy

heavy

rather simple

small

rather complex

building material

foundation

sand

decoration

excavation

is a crystalline stone chiefly used for decorative purposes. It is white or black and is used for ornamental decoration.

is very hard, strong and durable. It is used particularly for basements, base courses, columns and steps and for the entire facades. Its colour may be grey, yellow, pink or deep red.

is a modern building material, combine all the fine characteristics of a building material with good insulating properties.

is the most ancient structural material. It is light, cheap, and easy to work but it burns and is therefore unsuitable for fireproof buildings. Second, it decays.

is composed of quarts cemented together. It is hard, valuable and are selected for steps, sills, etc. It is an excellent material for concrete aggregate.

is a crystalline stone chiefly used for decorative purposes. It is white or black and is used for ornamental decoration.

is very hard, strong and durable. It is used particularly for basements, base courses, columns and steps and for the entire facades. Its colour may be grey, yellow, pink or deep red.

is a modern building material, combine all the fine characteristics of a building material with good insulating properties.

is the most ancient structural material. It is light, cheap, and easy to work but it burns and is therefore unsuitable for fireproof buildings. Second, it decays.

is composed of quarts cemented together. It is hard, valuable and are selected for steps, sills, etc. It is an excellent material for concrete aggregate.

is a crystalline stone chiefly used for decorative purposes. It is white or black and is used for ornamental decoration.

is very hard, strong and durable. It is used particularly for basements, base courses, columns and steps and for the entire facades. Its colour may be grey, yellow, pink or deep red.

is a modern building material, combine all the fine characteristics of a building material with good insulating properties.

is the most ancient structural material. It is light, cheap, and easy to work but it burns and is therefore unsuitable for fireproof buildings. Second, it decays.

is composed of quarts cemented together. It is hard, valuable and are selected for steps, sills, etc. It is an excellent material for concrete aggregate.

is a crystalline stone chiefly used for decorative purposes. It is white or black and is used for ornamental decoration.

is very hard, strong and durable. It is used particularly for basements, base courses, columns and steps and for the entire facades. Its colour may be grey, yellow, pink or deep red.

is a modern building material, combine all the fine characteristics of a building material with good insulating properties.

is the most ancient structural material. It is light, cheap, and easy to work but it burns and is therefore unsuitable for fireproof buildings. Second, it decays.

is composed of quarts cemented together. It is hard, valuable and are selected for steps, sills, etc. It is an excellent material for concrete aggregate.

is a crystalline stone chiefly used for decorative purposes. It is white or black and is used for ornamental decoration.

is very hard, strong and durable. It is used particularly for basements, base courses, columns and steps and for the entire facades. Its colour may be grey, yellow, pink or deep red.

is a modern building material, combine all the fine characteristics of a building material with good insulating properties.

is the most ancient structural material. It is light, cheap, and easy to work but it burns and is therefore unsuitable for fireproof buildings. Second, it decays.

is composed of quarts cemented together. It is hard, valuable and are selected for steps, sills, etc. It is an excellent material for concrete aggregate.

concrete mixers

cranes

cars

trucks

sun

roofs

roads

trees

attics

by combining mud

by combining clay

by combining cement and water

by combining coarse and fine aggregates, cement and water.

by combining coarse and fine aggregates

roof

site

floor

base

panel

on organic soils

on inorganic soils

below the level of freezing

below the level of rain

above the level of cold

above the level of freezing

below the level of warm

from snow

from rain

from sun

from rain and sun

from water and wind erosion

floor

into the upper stratum of earth

into the lower strata of earth

for people

for people and hostels

for people and shops

for people, families, organizations and enterprises

for people and enterprises

gable roof

hip roof

shed roof

flat roof

wooden building

glass building

green building

stone building

awning window

bay window

slider window

picture window

жилищное строительство

коммерческое строительство

промышленное строительство

гражданское строительство