What percentage of breast cancers occur due to inheritance of an identifiable susceptibility gene or genes?

What are some the factors that increase the risk of familial breast cancer?

The major known susceptibility genes for familial breast cancer are:

Germline mutations such as BRCA1 and BRCA2 are autosomal dominant. What is the percent of children who will inherit a defective copy of the suppressor genes if one parent is affected?

What is required of the remaining normal allele to completely lose suppressor gene function if the germline mutation is present?

A ________ ______________ mutation

What percent risk of cancer if a BRCA1 and BRCA2 germline mutation is inherited?

Mutations in BRCA1 and BRCA2 are responsible for what percent of “single gene” familial breast cancers?

Mutations in BRCA1 and BRCA2 are responsible for what percent of breast cancer overall?

Individuals who carry the BRCA1 mutation are more prone to what other primary tumors besides breast cancer?

What is the percent risk of breast cancer for those who carry the BRCA2 mutation?

Those individuals who have both the BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutations are more prone to what other type of tumors?

What is the approximate frequency of BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutations that increase breast cancer risk?

What are three methods of reducing the risk of breast cancer once a patient has been identified as having a high-risk genetic mutation?

The dominant pathway for breast genetic carcinogenesis in 50-65% of breast cancers following a driver mutation is associated with which gene mutation and what receptor status?

The germline mutation associated with HER2-positive cancers is?

. An independent pathway linked to breast cancer in African American women is associated with what gene mutation and what receptor status?

What percent of breast tumors are HER2 positive?

What conditions in the microenvironment of the breast parenchyma are important risk factors to breast cancer?

The greatest percentage of breast cancers are of what tumor class?

What are the two known precursor lesions to most breast cancers?

What percent of breast cancer is invasive at the time of diagnosis despite mammography screening?

DCIS is rarely felt as a palpable mass or grossly seen when examining a breast. What is the most reliable way to identify an area of DCIS?

Is there strong evidence that DCIS once identified in one breast will likely be found in the contralateral breast?

Is there strong evidence that LCIS once identified in one breast will likely be found in the contralateral breast?

Comedo DCIS (comedocarcinoma) is defined by what histologic features?

What are some of the comparisons that can be made between non-comedo DCIS and comedo DCIS?

What are the histologic patterns of non-comedo DCIS?

What type of tumor is usually associated with Paget disease of the nipple?

A genetic pathway linked to Paget disease of the nipple?

What are some of the clinical symptoms of Paget disease of the nipple?

What are the major risk factors for DCIS recurrence?

How effective is conservation breast surgery in curing DCIS?

What therapeutic measures are taken to reduce the risk of DCIS recurrence?

Is lobular carcinoma easily identified on mammogram?

Is HER2 expressed in lobular carcinoma?

What percent of patients who have a positive biopsy for LCIS will develop lobular carcinoma in 20 to 30 years’ time?

What are the treatment options for LCIS?

Approximately 40% to 50% of breast cancers fall into what molecular subtype?

High proliferative ER+ HER2- breast cancers are linked to what genetic mutation?

Which of the ER+HER2- breast cancers are most responsive to chemotherapy?

What is the second most common molecular subtype for invasive breast carcinoma?

What is the histology type of the majority of HER2 positive invasive breast tumors?

Triple negative tumors are most common in what ethnic groups?

Triple negative tumors are found mostly in young women with what genetic mutation?

Which molecular subtype of invasive breast cancer tends to be the most aggressive and the highest level of mortality?

What are three considerations in the current histologic grading system of breast cancer?

What HER2- ER- invasive breast cancer type has a fairly good prognosis despite a poorly differentiated histologic pattern?

What breast cancer is known to be extensively invasive, is a high-grade lesion, and not specific to any one molecular subtype?

What is the most common Estrogen receptor status of male breast cancers?

What is the most common germline mutation in male breast cancer?

What is the common age group for males to get breast cancer?

What prognostic variables have the worst outcomes?

What is the most important prognostic factor for breast cancer outside of distant metastasis?

What is the purpose of doing sentinel lymph nodes?

It is the _______ lymph node tumor cells may drain to.

What are the percentage of patients who end up having distant metastasis?

Does the size of the tumor matter in rate of metastasis in HER2 positive ER negative tumors?

What size does a breast tumor have to get to have a significant (~20%) decline in survival rates?

What is the classic skin descriptive feature of inflammatory breast carcinoma called?

Inflammatory breast carcinoma is more common in what ethic group and what molecular profile?

What percentage of tumor cells can be found within vascular spaces of invasive breast carcinoma?

What are two unfavorable histologic types of invasive breast cancer?

Do tumors with high proliferation rate (ER- HER2+) respond well to chemotherapy?

How is the proliferation rate of breast tumors measured?

Although HER2+ tumors generally have a poor survival rate, what impact does Herceptin have on these patients?

What seems to have the most impact on survival rates in staging breast cancer?

Does the presence of multiple or complex fibroadenomas cause an increase risk of breast cancer?

Can a phyllodes tumor be malignant?

What percentage of phyllodes tumor can be malignant?

What is an interlobular stromal tumor equally common to men and women?

Can fibromatosis of the breast metastasize?

What is the prognosis and mean age of sporadic angiosarcomas of the breast?

What type of tumors occurs in breast capsular implants?

What is the type of lymphoma of most primary and metastatic lymphoma?

What are the most common metastatic cancer to the breast?

The milk line or mammary ridge extends where on the body?

The condition of having extra nipples is more common in what gender?

What is one of the clinical risk factors of accessory axillary breast tissue?

Why is an acquired retraction of the nipple concerning?

What are the clinical presentations of breast disease?

What percentage of mastalgia or mastodynia is associated with breast cancer?

Non-cyclic breast pain is most associated with?

Palpable breast masses are most commonly?

What is the percentage of post-menopausal women who have palpable breast masses that are malignant?

What number of breast tumors cannot be palpated that are malignant?

What size does a breast tumor commonly get to before being palpated by the patient?

What is the most common quadrant for breast cancer to occur in?

When is nipple discharge most concerning as a clinical presentation for breast cancer?

What are the most common signs of breast cancer on mammography imaging?

What is the percentage of breast carcinomas not detected on mammogram?

What are challenges in detecting breast cancer on mammograms?

What are the calcifications detected on imaging specific to breast cancer called?

What are the two most common benign soft tissue densities seen on breast imaging

When is there an increased risk for a fibroadenoma to be malignant?

What constitutes a “complex cyst” on ultrasound?

What are benign inflammatory conditions of the breast?

What should be considered in the clinical differential of a woman presenting with inflammation of the breast?

What is the name of the condition most commonly caused by a Staph aureus bacterial infection in the first month of breastfeeding due to cracks and fissures in the nipples, that results in breast abscess?

A subareolar abscess common in male and female smokers is called?

___________ ____________ of lactiferous ducts

What is a palpable periareolar mass that often presents with a thick white nipple discharge in women (commonly multiparous) between the ages of 50-60, not related to smoking called?

What condition of the breast can form an area of thickening or skin retraction that mimics breast cancer which is commonly associated with trauma or surgery?

What is the name of a benign, hard, palpable breast mass which is difficult to distinguish from breast cancer, common to patients with Type 1 diabetes and autoimmune thyroid?

What condition is a manifestation of a systemic granulomatous disease that can mimic the appearance of cancer?

What are the three group classifications of benign epithelial lesions?

An increase in lobular acini which may result in flattening and atypia, and the presence of calcifications is called?

What is the name of a benign palpable mass commonly found in pregnant or lactating women?

What is the risk for breast carcinoma associated with breast epithelial proliferation (ductal hyperplasia without atypia) presenting as a mammographic density, calcifications, or as incidental findings in biopsies?

What is the likely pathology diagnosis of a breast biopsy with increased number of acini within the lobules without distortion of the lobular arrangement, presenting clinically as a palpable mass, radiodensity or calcifications?

What are the three components of a complex sclerosing breast lesion?

A common lesion associated with unilateral bloody discharge of the nipple or a sub-areolar mass that can be painful is likely?

Do multiple small intraductal papillomas present any additional risk over a large solitary papilloma?

What are some of the more common reasons for gynecomastia?

What is the relative risk of developing invasive breast cancer with a diagnosis of LCIS or DCIS?

What is the frequency of women developing breast cancer over a lifetime?

Which breast is more common to find breast cancer?

Most breast cancers are of what broad category of tumors?

What is the most common Estrogen hormone receptor and HER2 (Human epithelial growth factor receptor) combination found in breast cancers?

Statistically, the frequency of ER positive breast tumors increase, decrease or are relatively the same with the age of the patient?

Has there been an increase, decrease or relatively no change in the diagnosis of DCIS with mammogram screening?

Which ethnic group has the highest percentage of invasive breast cancer in women over the age of 50?

Which ethnic group had the highest mortality associated with breast cancer?

Approximately 80% of breast cancers are ER positive or ER negative?

What percent of breast cancers are HER2 positive (HER2 protein overexpression)?

How is an aromatase inhibitor effective in treating ER+ breast cancers?

What targeted drug is commonly used in HER2 positive tumors to reduce recurrence?

Are there risks associated with targeted drug breast cancer therapies?

Triple negative breast cancers are commonly associated with what gene mutation?

What is the treatment recommendation for a patient having a triple negative tumor?

Neoadjuvant therapy is...

Adjuvant therapy is...

What stage tumors are heavily reliant on neoadjuvant therapy?

What are some of the risks of breast cancer associated with developed countries?

What percentage of men get breast cancer as compared to women?

What are the three board risk factor categories associated with breast cancer?

What percentage of breast cancers have a germline mutation?

What is the risk of getting breast cancer if there is a first degree relative with breast cancer?

Which races have the highest percentage of breast cancer?

Which ethnic group has the highest percentage of BRAC1 and BRAC2 mutations?

The peak age for breast cancer is?

There is a 20% increase in developing breast cancer in a child who starts their menses before the age of?

Is there an increased risk in getting breast cancer in women who either have not had children (nulliparous) or have waited to have children later in life?

What histologic features in a benign breast biopsy may increase the risk of breast cancer?

How much does having an oophorectomy reduce the risk of breast cancer?

What is the risk in developing breast cancer if a woman has very dense breasts?

What is the increased risk in developing breast cancer if a woman had a high exposure to radiation in the chest, particularly at a young age?

What is the risk of getting breast cancer in the contralateral breast?

Why is there a risk of obese women getting breast cancer over the age of 40?

What toxins seem to have the most increased risk in breast cancer?

What are the two more common types of salpingitis and their causative agents?

A simple cyst common to the fallopian tube which may also be referred to as hydatids of Morgagni because it may be a remnant of the müllerian duct is?

A benign tumor of the fallopian tube that presents as a subserosal nodule or is found with in the mesosalpinx tissue is most consistent with?

Primary adenocarcinomas of the fallopian tube are rare and may have a subtle presentation clinically. What percentage of these tumors are already stage 1 at the time of diagnosis?

Ovarian cancers are related to adenocarcinoma of the fallopian tube because a subset of _________ ovarian tumors is thought to arise from the ___________ of the fallopian tube.

What are the three broad categories of ovarian neoplasms based on origin?

What inflammatory process of the ovary affects the ovarian follicles and can lead to infertility?

Follicular cysts of the ovary may have an association with endometrial abnormalities because there is often a(n) ______________ in ______________ stimulation of the endometrium.

Corporal luteal cysts of the ovary are typically what color from luteinized granulosa cells but can be red from hemorrhage?

Gonadotropins during pregnancy can cause theca cells in the ovary to proliferate forming a concentric theca-lutein nodular hyperplasia which may present as a hormonally active benign lesion called?

The most common malignant tumors of the ovary are in what age group?

Fibroblasts (resembling thecal cells) in a Brenner tumor are clinically significant because these tumors are hormonally _________ and can cause abnormal uterine ____________.

What is the general size of a Brenner tumor?

How often is a Brenner tumor bilaterally?

How often is a Brenner tumor unilaterally?

When is a Brenner tumor considered a transitional cell carcinoma of the ovary?

When _____ than 50% of the epithelium is a malignant transitional cell type.

How common is a Cystadenofibroma that contain mucinous, serous, endometrioid, and transitional epithelium a borderline or show evidence of carcinoma?

A benign tumor that is usually small and multilocular simple (often firm) papillary processes that do not become as complicated and branching as those found in the ordinary cystadenoma is most consistent with?

Clear cell carcinomas of the ovary are sometimes found in association with what type of ovary cancer and disorder?

Clear cell carcinomas of the ovary are thought to be variants of what type of tumor?

Endometrioid tumors of the ovary present as solid and cystic lesions. What percentage of these lesions are bilateral?

What percent of ovarian endometrioid carcinomas are accompanied by carcinoma of the endometrium?

A primary neoplasm associated with a pseudomyxoma per­itonei presentation can arise from what organ?

Although the 10-year survival rate of mucinous tumors of the ovary is high (>90%), tumors that spread beyond the ovary are usually fatal and must be distinguished from what other malignant mucinous lesion?

Mucinous neoplasms of the ovary differ from serous neoplasms in what three ways?

What is the consistent genetic alteration in mucinous tumors of the ovary?

Mutation of the ______ proto-oncogene

Most mucinous tumors of the ovary are malignant or benign?

In a high-grade serous carcinoma, the precursor lesion typically arises from in situ lesions in the fallopian tube _________ or from _________ inclusion cysts in the ovary.

Serous carcinoma is divided into two categories based on their histology. What category is a moderately differentiated serous carcinoma?

What are some of the risk factors for ovarian tumors?

How often do serous borderline and serous carcinomas demonstrate papillary excrences on the ovarian capsule?

What percentage of serous carcinomas are bilateral?

What percentage of borderline serous tumors are bilateral?

What percentage of ovarian serous neoplasms are malignant

What percentage of ovarian serous neoplasms are benign or considered borderline?

Low grade tumors of the ovary are associated with what two precursor lesions?

What are the most common low grade (Type 1) carcinomas?

What is the most common Type 2 high grade ovarian tumor?

The broad classification of ovarian tumors based on epithelial proliferation are?

Three major histologic types of ovarian tumors are?

Most primary ovarian neoplasms arise from what type of epithelium?

Of the three major histologic types of ovarian tumor, which is the most common type?

Gastrointestinal tract symptoms are only typically of late stages of ovarian cancer due to?

____________ by the tumor or cancer ____________

Most tumors of the ovary are functional or non-functional?

Metastatic tumors of the ovary are more common from what primary cancers?

An embryonal carcinoma and the teratoma of the ovary arise from what component of the ovary?

Endometrioid, serous, clear cell and mucinous cell tumors of the ovary arise from what component of the ovary?

A fibroma and thecoma arise from what part of the ovary?

A dysgerminoma arises from what cells?

What are the three primary tissue origins of ovarian tumors?

Ovarian tumor represent a disproportionate number of deaths associated with cancer of the female genital tract because most ovarian cancers have spread beyond the ovary by the time of ___________

What impact does PCOS have on insulin?